# Geognos Data Export: North America
Generated: 2026-02-14T06:35:33.925Z

## Bermuda
**Slug:** bermuda
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇧🇲
**Codes:** cek: bd, iso2: BM, iso3: BMU, iso_num: 060, genc: BMU, stanag: BMU, internet: .bm

### Introduction

**Background:**
Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists heading for Virginia. Self-governing since 1620, Bermuda is the oldest and most populous of the British Overseas Territories. Vacationing on the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important for the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years as Bermuda has developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence from the UK was soundly defeated in 1995.

### Geography

**Location:**
North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of South Carolina (US)

**Geographic coordinates:**
32 20 N, 64 45 W

**Map references:**
North America

**Area:**
total : 54 sq km
land: 54 sq km
water: 0 sq km

**Area - comparative:**
about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.

**Land boundaries:**
total: 0 km

**Coastline:**
103 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

**Climate:**
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

**Terrain:**
low hills separated by fertile depressions

**Elevation:**
highest point: Town Hill 79 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

**Natural resources:**
limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 5.6% (2023 est.)
arable land: 5.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 14.4% (2023 est.)
other: 80% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
NA

**Population distribution:**
relatively even population distribution throughout

**Natural hazards:**
hurricanes (June to November)

**Geography - note:**
the archipelago consists of over 170 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, as well as thousands of cays, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by the US Government from 1941 to 1995

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 73,007 (2025 est.)
male: 35,503
female: 37,504

**Nationality:**
noun: Bermudian(s)
adjective: Bermudian

**Ethnic groups:**
African descent 52%, White 31%, mixed 9%, Asian 4%, other 4% (2010 est.)

**Languages:**
English (official), Portuguese

**Religions:**
Protestant 46.2% (includes Anglican 15.8%, African Methodist Episcopal 8.6%, Seventh Day Adventist 6.7%, Pentecostal 3.5%, Methodist 2.7%, Presbyterian 2.0%, Church of God 1.6%, Baptist 1.2%, Salvation Army 1.1%, Brethren 1.0%, other Protestant 2.0%), Roman Catholic 14.5%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other Christian 9.1%, Muslim 1%, other 3.9%, none 17.8%, unspecified 6.2% (2010 est.)

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 16.4% (male 6,133/female 5,817)
15-64 years: 60.9% (male 22,247/female 22,113)
65 years and over: 22.7% (2024 est.) (male 7,021/female 9,469)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 66.1 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 27.2 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 38.9 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.6 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 43.9 years (2025 est.)
male: 41.5 years
female: 46.3 years

**Population growth rate:**
0.27% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
10.82 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
1.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
relatively even population distribution throughout

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
10,000 HAMILTON (capital) (2018)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.8 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 82.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 79.4 years
female: 85.7 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.92 (2025 est.)

**Drinking water source:**
improved:
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
49.7% (2016 est.)

**Education expenditure:**
1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
7.8% national budget (2017 est.)

**School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):**
total: 12 years (2023 est.)
male: 11 years (2023 est.)
female: 12 years (2023 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
air pollution from vehicle emissions; scarce water resources; solid waste disposal; hazardous waste disposal; sewage disposal; overfishing; oil spills

**Climate:**
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 5.6% (2023 est.)
arable land: 5.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 14.4% (2023 est.)
other: 80% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 100% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.2% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
577,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 9 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 577,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

**Waste and recycling:**
municipal solid waste generated annually: 82,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2% (2012 est.)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bermuda
former: Somers Islands
etymology: named after Juan de BERMUDEZ, an early 16th-century Spanish sea captain and the first European explorer of the archipelago

**Government type:**
Overseas Territory of the UK with limited self-government; parliamentary democracy

**Dependency status:**
overseas territory of the UK

**Capital:**
name: Hamilton
geographic coordinates: 32 17 N, 64 47 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
etymology: named after Henry HAMILTON, who served as governor of Bermuda from 1788 to 1794

**Administrative divisions:**
9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick

**Legal system:**
English common law

**Constitution:**
history: several previous (dating to 1684); latest entered into force 8 June 1968 (Bermuda Constitution Order 1968)
amendment process: proposal procedure - NA; passage by an Order in Council in the UK

**International law organization participation:**
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

**Citizenship:**
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the UK
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor Andrew MURDOCH (since 23 January 2025)
head of government: Premier David BURT (since 19 July 2017)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, approved by the governor
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the governor usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the premier

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Parliament
legislative structure: bicameral

**Legislative branch - lower chamber:**
chamber name: House of Assembly
number of seats: 36 (directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 10/1/2020
parties elected and seats per party: PLP (30); OBA (6)
percentage of women in chamber: 20%
expected date of next election: 2025

**Legislative branch - upper chamber:**
chamber name: Senate
number of seats: 11 (appointed)
term in office: 5 years
most recent election date: 2022
percentage of women in chamber: 63.6%
expected date of next election: 2027

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and at least 2 justices); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 4 puisne judges, and 1 associate justice); the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) is the court of final appeal
judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal justice appointed by the governor; justice tenure by individual appointment; Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission and appointed by the governor; judge tenure based on terms of appointment
subordinate courts: commercial court (began in 2006); magistrates' courts

**Political parties:**
Free Democratic Movement or FDM
One Bermuda Alliance or OBA
Progressive Labor Party or PLP

**Diplomatic representation in the US:**
none (overseas territory of the UK)

**Diplomatic representation from the US:**
chief of mission: Consul General Antoinette HURTADO (since 27 March 2025)
embassy: US Consulate Bermuda, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, DV 03, Bermuda
mailing address: 5300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20520-5300
telephone: (441) 295-1342
FAX: (441) 295-1592
email address and website:
HamiltonConsulate@state.gov
https://bm.usconsulate.gov/
consulate(s) general: 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DV O3

**International organization participation:**
Caricom (associate), ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ITUC (NGOs), UPU, WCO

**Independence:**
none (overseas territory of the UK)

**National holiday:**
Bermuda Day, 24 May
note: formerly known as Victoria Day, Empire Day, and Commonwealth Day

**Flag:**
description: a red field with the UK flag in the upper-left quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms centered on the right half of the flag; the coat of arms is a white shield with a red lion on a green field, holding a scroll showing the sinking of the ship "Sea Venture"
history: the 1609 shipwreck of the "Sea Venture" led to the settling of Bermuda
note: Bermuda is the only British overseas territory that uses a red field on its flag; all others use blue

**National symbol(s):**
red lion

**National coat of arms:**
Bermuda's coat of arms was formally granted by Royal Warrant on 4 October 1910 but has been in use since at least 1624; the red lion is a symbol of Great Britain; the Latin motto under the coat of arms, Quo Fata Ferunt, means "Whither the Fates Carry [Us];" the ship is the Sea Venture, an English ship that was wrecked on then-uninhabited Bermuda in 1609

**National anthem(s):**
title: "Hail to Bermuda"
lyrics/music: Bette JOHNS
history: serves as a local anthem
_____
title: "God Save the King"
lyrics/music: unknown
history: official anthem, as a UK territory

**National heritage:**
total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural); note - excerpted from the UK entry
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Town of St. George and Related Fortifications

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
small, tourism- and construction-based, territorial-island economy; American import and tourist destination; known offshore banking hub; increasing inflation; major re-exportation and re-importation area

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$6.808 billion (2024 est.)
$6.667 billion (2023 est.)
$6.355 billion (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**Real GDP growth rate:**
2.1% (2024 est.)
4.9% (2023 est.)
6.5% (2022 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

**Real GDP per capita:**
$105,300 (2024 est.)
$103,100 (2023 est.)
$98,100 (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$8.98 billion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):**
2.8% (2022 est.)
1.4% (2021 est.)
0% (2020 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices

**GDP - composition, by sector of origin:**
agriculture: 0.2% (2023 est.)
industry: 4.6% (2023 est.)
services: 91.5% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

**GDP - composition, by end use:**
household consumption: 45.6% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 11% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 11.3% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 56.3% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -24.2% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

**Agricultural products:**
bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products, honey

**Industries:**
international business, tourism, light manufacturing

**Industrial production growth rate:**
-3.6% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

**Remittances:**
23.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
22.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
22.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

**Budget:**
revenues: $999.2 million (2017 est.)
expenditures: $1.176 billion (2017 est.)

**Current account balance:**
$1.32 billion (2023 est.)
$1.135 billion (2022 est.)
$962.258 million (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

**Exports:**
$1.599 billion (2023 est.)
$1.425 billion (2022 est.)
$1.136 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

**Exports - partners:**
Germany 40%, South Africa 38%, Netherlands 15%, USA 2%, Angola 2% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
crude petroleum, ships, aircraft, liquor, railway cargo containers (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

**Imports:**
$2.3 billion (2023 est.)
$2.235 billion (2022 est.)
$1.925 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

**Imports - partners:**
USA 38%, Cyprus 31%, UK 6%, China 6%, Canada 4% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
ships, refined petroleum, railway cargo containers, packaged medicine, cars (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Exchange rates:**
Bermudian dollars (BMD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1 (2024 est.)
1 (2023 est.)
1 (2022 est.)
1 (2021 est.)
1 (2020 est.)

### Energy

**Electricity access:**
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 172,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 590.38 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 43.172 million kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 99% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Coal:**
consumption: 4 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 4 metric tons (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
refined petroleum consumption: 4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

**Energy consumption per capita:**
122.737 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 28,200 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 44 (2024 est.)

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**
total subscriptions: 62,500 (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 97 (2024 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
3 TV stations; cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; roughly 13 radio stations operating

**Internet country code:**
.bm

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 98% (2017 est.)

**Broadband - fixed subscriptions:**
total: 23,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2022 est.)

### Transportation

**Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:**
VP-B

**Airports:**
1 (2025)

**Merchant marine:**
total: 122 (2023)
by type: container ship 15, oil tanker 8, other 99

**Ports:**
total ports: 4 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 1
small: 2
very small: 0
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 3
key ports: Freeport, Hamilton, Ireland Island, St. George

### Military and Security

**Military and security forces:**
Royal Bermuda Regiment; Bermuda Police Service (2025)
note: the Royal Bermuda Regiment (aka "The Regiment") includes the Royal Bermuda Regiment Coast Guard

**Military and security service personnel strengths:**
the Royal Bermuda Regiment has about 350 troops (2025)

**Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:**
the Regiment is equipped with small arms (2025)

**Military service age and obligation:**
men and women who are Commonwealth citizens and 18-45 years of age can volunteer for the Bermuda Regiment; service is for a minimum period of three years and two months from the date of enlistment; after completing their initial service, soldiers in the Regiment can choose to extend their service (2025)

**Military - note:**
defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Bermuda Regiment’s responsibilities include maritime security of Bermuda’s inshore waters, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, humanitarian/disaster assistance, security of key installations, and assisting the Bermuda Police with maintaining public order; it includes explosive ordnance disposal, diver, maritime, security police, and support units (2026)

---

## Canada
**Slug:** canada
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇨🇦
**Codes:** cek: ca, iso2: CA, iso3: CAN, iso_num: 124, genc: CAN, stanag: CAN, internet: .ca

### Introduction

**Background:**
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

### Geography

**Location:**
Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

**Geographic coordinates:**
60 00 N, 95 00 W

**Map references:**
North America

**Area:**
total : 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

**Area - comparative:**
slightly larger than the US

**Land boundaries:**
total: 8,892 km
border countries (2): US 8,891 km (includes 2,475 km with Alaska); Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

**Coastline:**
202,080 km
note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago -- consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them among the world's largest -- gives Canada the longest coastline in the world

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

**Climate:**
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

**Terrain:**
mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

**Elevation:**
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
lowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
mean elevation: 487 m

**Natural resources:**
bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 6.5% (2023 est.)
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 42% (2023 est.)
other: 51.4% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
9,045 sq km (2015)

**Major lakes (area sq km):**
fresh water lake(s): Huron* - 35,972 sq km; Great Bear Lake - 31,328 sq km; Superior* - 28,754 sq km; Great Slave Lake - 28,568 sq km; Lake Winnipeg - 24,387 sq km; Erie* - 12,776 sq km; Ontario* - 9,790 sq km; Lake Athabasca - 7,935 sq km; Reindeer Lake - 6,650 sq km; Nettilling Lake - 5,542 sq km
note - Great Lakes* area shown as Canadian waters

**Major rivers (by length in km):**
Mackenzie - 4,241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

**Major watersheds (area sq km):**
Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of America) (3,202,185 sq km, Canada only 32,000 sq km), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 sq km), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km, Canada only 839,200 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, Canada only 823,800 sq km), Columbia* (657,501 sq km, Canada only 103,000 sq km)
note: watersheds shared with the US shown with *

**Major aquifers:**
Northern Great Plains Aquifer

**Population distribution:**
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

**Natural hazards:**
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

**Geography - note:**
note 1: second-largest country in the world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border
note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country, and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes, more than all other countries combined

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 39,187,155 (2025 est.)
male: 19,515,416
female: 19,671,739

**Nationality:**
noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

**Ethnic groups:**
Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

**Languages:**
English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

**Religions:**
Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)
15-64 years: 63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)
65 years and over: 21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 57.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.8 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 33.9 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.9 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 42.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 41.4 years
female: 43.8 years

**Population growth rate:**
0.73% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
9.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
vast majority of the population lives in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km (186 mi) of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Mother's mean age at first birth:**
29.4 years (2019 est.)

**Maternal mortality ratio:**
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)
male: 81.9 years
female: 86.6 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.43 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.7 (2025 est.)

**Drinking water source:**
improved:
urban: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

**Health expenditure:**
11.2% of GDP (2022)
19.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

**Physician density:**
2.82 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

**Hospital bed density:**
2.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
urban: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 98.8% of population (2022 est.)
total: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 1.2% of population (2022 est.)
total: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

**Obesity - adult prevalence rate:**
29.4% (2016)

**Alcohol consumption per capita:**
total: 8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

**Tobacco use:**
total: 10.1% (2025 est.)
male: 12.3% (2025 est.)
female: 8% (2025 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
51.6% (2021 est.)

**Education expenditure:**
4.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
10.7% national budget (2022 est.)

**School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):**
total: 16 years (2022 est.)
male: 15 years (2022 est.)
female: 17 years (2022 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
air pollution and acid rain from vehicle emissions, coal-burning, and metal smelting severely affecting lakes and forests; seawater pollution from agriculture, industry, mining, and forestry

**International environmental agreements:**
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

**Climate:**
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 6.5% (2023 est.)
arable land: 4.3% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 2.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 42% (2023 est.)
other: 51.4% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
585.853 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 32.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 294.196 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 259.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

**Particulate matter emissions:**
6.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

**Methane emissions:**
energy: 2,787.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 1,049.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 816.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 39.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

**Waste and recycling:**
municipal solid waste generated annually: 25.103 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 23.1% (2022 est.)

**Total water withdrawal:**
municipal: 4.869 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 27.357 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 3.859 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

**Total renewable water resources:**
2.902 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

**Geoparks:**
total global geoparks and regional networks: 5
global geoparks and regional networks: Perce; Stonehammer; Tumbler Ridge; Cliffs of Fundy; Discovery (2023)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
etymology: the name is probably derived from the Huron or Iroquois word kanata, meaning village or camp

**Government type:**
federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

**Capital:**
name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
time zone note: Canada has six time zones
etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade"

**Administrative divisions:**
10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

**Legal system:**
common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

**Constitution:**
history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
amendment process: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council

**International law organization participation:**
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

**Citizenship:**
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; after legislative elections, the governor general usually designates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons as prime minister
note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Parliament of Canada - Parlement du Canada
legislative structure: bicameral

**Legislative branch - lower chamber:**
chamber name: House of Commons
number of seats: 343 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 4/28/2025
parties elected and seats per party: Liberal Party (169); Conservative Party (144); Bloc Québécois (BQ) (22); Other (30)
percentage of women in chamber: 30.3%
expected date of next election: October 2029

**Legislative branch - upper chamber:**
chamber name: Senate
number of seats: 105 (all appointed)
percentage of women in chamber: 54.8%

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)
judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts
note: in 1999, the Nunavut Court -- a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court -- was established to serve isolated settlements

**Political parties:**
Bloc Québécois
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC
Green Party of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada
New Democratic Party

**Diplomatic representation in the US:**
chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (844) 880-6519
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7738
email address and website:
ccs.scc@international.gc.ca
https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/us-eu/washington.aspx?lang=eng
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

**Diplomatic representation from the US:**
chief of mission: Ambassador Pete HOEKSTRA (since 29 April 2025)
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: 5480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20521-5480
telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
FAX: [1] (613) 241-7845
email address and website:
OttawaNIV@state.gov
https://ca.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
consulate(s): Winnipeg

**International organization participation:**
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

**Independence:**
1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

**National holiday:**
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

**Flag:**
description: two vertical bands of red on each side, with a white square between them; a large 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square
meaning: the maple leaf is a national symbol

**National symbol(s):**
maple leaf, beaver

**National color(s):**
red, white

**National coat of arms:**
The current design of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada was adopted in 1921 and references the four nations that helped found Canada. England is represented with royal lions, a union flag, and a rose, and Scotland with a royal lion, a unicorn, and a thistle. Ireland’s symbols include a harp and a shamrock, and France’s symbols are a royal fleur-de-lis and a royal flag. The maple leaves are the Canadian national symbol. A red circle displays the motto Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam (Desiring a Better Country), and a blue ribbon displays A Mari usque ad Mare (From Sea to Sea).

**National anthem(s):**
title: "O Canada"
lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE
history: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, it served as an unofficial anthem for many years; the original version had four verses, but the anthem today officially consists of one verse in French and one in English
_____
title: "God Save the King"
lyrics/music: unknown
history: royal anthem, as a Commonwealth country

**National heritage:**
total World Heritage Sites: 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)
selected World Heritage Site locales: L'Anse aux Meadows (c); Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (n); Dinosaur Provincial Park (n); Historic District of Old Quebec (c); Old Town Lunenburg (c); Wood Buffalo National Park (n); Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (c); Gros Morne National Park (n); Pimachiowin Aki (m)

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$2.341 trillion (2024 est.)
$2.305 trillion (2023 est.)
$2.271 trillion (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**Real GDP growth rate:**
1.5% (2024 est.)
1.5% (2023 est.)
4.2% (2022 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

**Real GDP per capita:**
$56,700 (2024 est.)
$57,500 (2023 est.)
$58,300 (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$2.241 trillion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):**
2.4% (2024 est.)
3.9% (2023 est.)
6.8% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices

**GDP - composition, by sector of origin:**
agriculture: 1.6% (2021 est.)
industry: 25.3% (2021 est.)
services: 66.4% (2021 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

**GDP - composition, by end use:**
household consumption: 54.4% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 20.9% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.9% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 33.3% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -33.3% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

**Agricultural products:**
wheat, rapeseed, maize, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, peas, oats, pork (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

**Industries:**
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

**Industrial production growth rate:**
0% (2024 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

**Labor force:**
22.868 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

**Unemployment rate:**
6.5% (2024 est.)
5.5% (2023 est.)
5.3% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment

**Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):**
total: 13% (2024 est.)
male: 13.8% (2024 est.)
female: 12.1% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

**Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:**
29.9 (2020 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

**Average household expenditures:**
on food: 9.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 3.5% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

**Household income or consumption by percentage share:**
lowest 10%: 3.5% (2020 est.)
highest 10%: 23.4% (2020 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

**Remittances:**
0% of GDP (2024 est.)
0% of GDP (2023 est.)
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

**Budget:**
revenues: $428.312 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $417.421 billion (2023 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

**Public debt:**
61.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP

**Taxes and other revenues:**
13.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

**Current account balance:**
-$10.349 billion (2024 est.)
-$13.764 billion (2023 est.)
-$6.318 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

**Exports:**
$727.831 billion (2024 est.)
$724.754 billion (2023 est.)
$743.782 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

**Exports - partners:**
USA 71%, China 5%, UK 3%, Japan 2%, Mexico 2% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
crude petroleum, cars, gold, natural gas, refined petroleum (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

**Imports:**
$733.778 billion (2024 est.)
$723.399 billion (2023 est.)
$731.058 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

**Imports - partners:**
USA 51%, China 11%, Mexico 6%, Germany 3%, Japan 3% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
cars, trucks, vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:**
$119.778 billion (2024 est.)
$117.551 billion (2023 est.)
$106.952 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

**Exchange rates:**
Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
1.369 (2024 est.)
1.35 (2023 est.)
1.302 (2022 est.)
1.254 (2021 est.)
1.341 (2020 est.)

### Energy

**Electricity access:**
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 161.988 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 555.683 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 49.444 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 21.77 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 31.784 billion kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 18.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 58.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Nuclear energy:**
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 17 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 12.71GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 13.7% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 8 (2025)

**Coal:**
production: 50.687 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 20.092 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 35.447 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 7.03 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 6.582 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
total petroleum production: 5.688 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 2.377 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

**Natural gas:**
production: 194.105 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 131.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 82.537 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 29.058 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 2.067 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

**Energy consumption per capita:**
311.599 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 11 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2024 est.)

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**
total subscriptions: 37.4 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 94 (2024 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private commercial networks, also with multiple network affiliates; a total of about 150 TV stations, accessible via multi-channel satellite and cable systems; mix of public and commercial radio, with over 1,000 licensed stations; public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) provides 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to ethnic populations in the north (2016)

**Internet country code:**
.ca

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)

**Broadband - fixed subscriptions:**
total: 17 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2023 est.)

### Transportation

**Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:**
C

**Airports:**
1,459 (2025)

**Heliports:**
506 (2025)

**Railways:**
total: 49,422 km (2021) note: 129 km electrified (2021)
standard gauge: 49,422 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge

**Merchant marine:**
total: 716 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 22, container ship 1, general cargo 78, oil tanker 15, other 600

**Ports:**
total ports: 284 (2024)
large: 4
medium: 14
small: 58
very small: 149
size unknown: 59
ports with oil terminals: 59
key ports: Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor

### Military and Security

**Military and security forces:**
Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (2025)
note 1: the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles
note 2: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or "Mounties") are under the Department of Public Safety; the Coast Guard is under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans

**Military expenditures:**
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
1.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

**Military and security service personnel strengths:**
approximately 75,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

**Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:**
the CAF's inventory is a mix of domestically produced and imported weapons systems from Australia, Europe, Israel, the UK, and the US; in recent years, the leading supplier has been the US; Canada's defense industry develops, maintains, and produces a range of equipment, including aircraft, combat vehicles, naval vessels, and associated components; it also collaborates with the defense industries of allied countries such as the UK (2025)

**Military service age and obligation:**
17 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; service obligation 3-9 years depending on the position (2025)
note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2024 comprised about 16% of the CAF
note 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand

**Military deployments:**
approximately 2,000 Latvia (NATO); the CAF also has air and naval assets supporting NATO missions (2025)
note: in 2024, Canada announced plans to have a full 2,000-person brigade deployed to Latvia by 2026

**Military - note:**
the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are responsible for external security; the CAF’s core missions include detecting, deterring, and defending against threats to or attacks on Canada; the military also provides assistance to civil authorities and law enforcement as needed for such missions as counterterrorism, search and rescue, and responding to natural disasters or other major emergencies; it regularly participates in bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of partners, including NATO (Canada is one of the original members) and the US; the CAF also contributes to international peacekeeping, stability, humanitarian, combat, and capacity building operations, principally through NATO, but also with the UN and other security partners
Canada is part of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD; established 1958); NORAD is a Canada/US bi-national military command responsible for monitoring and defending North American airspace; traditionally, a CAF officer has served as the deputy commander of NORAD; Canada’s defense relationship with the US extends back to the Ogdensburg Declaration of 1940, when the two countries formally agreed on military cooperation, including the establishment of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (PJBD), which continues to be the highest-level bilateral defense forum between Canada and the US
British troops withdrew from Canada in 1871 as part of the US-UK Treaty of Washington; following the withdrawal, the first Canadian militia, known as the Royal Canadian Regiment, was organized in 1883 to protect Canadian territory and defend British interests abroad, which it did in the South African War (1899-1902), Canada’s first overseas conflict; militia units formed the backbone of the more than 425,000 Canadian soldiers that went to Europe during World War I in what was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force; the Royal Canadian Navy was created in 1910, while the Canadian Air Force was established in 1920 and became the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924; the Canadian Army was officially founded in 1942; a unified Canadian Armed Forces was created in 1968 (2025)

### Space

**Space agency/agencies:**
Canadian Space Agency (CSA; established 1989) (2025)

**Space launch site(s):**
developing commercial space port sites in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (2025)
note: the Churchill Rocket Research Range in Manitoba was used for rocket testing from 1956-1985

**Space program overview:**
has a national space strategy and a long history of developing space-related technologies; designs, builds, operates, and tracks communications, remote sensing (RS), multi-mission, and scientific/testing satellites; has an astronaut program; involved in the development and production of advanced communications systems, lunar rovers, planetary probes, robotics, sensors, and space telescopes; participates in international space programs, including the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope, and the James Webb Space Telescope; Cooperating State of the ESA since 1979 and participates in a variety of ESA programs, such as the Copernicus Earth observation project; works with numerous foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of Argentina, Brazil, individual ESA and EU member states, Japan, India, and particularly the US; has an active commercial space sector (2025)

**Key space-program milestones:**
1959-1962 - launched first domestically built sounding rocket (Black Brant 1); first domestically designed and built satellite (Alouette) launched by US
1972-1973 - first domestic communications satellites (Anik A-1 and Anik A-2) launched by US, making Canada first country to employ satellites for domestic communications
1970s - began participating in US Space Shuttle (first Canadian in space on Shuttle in 1984) and US Mars probe/exploration programs
1995 - first Canadian-built, radar-capable remote sensing satellite (Radarsat-1) launched by US
2019 - began participating in US/NASA Lunar Gateway orbital station program; launched constellation of remote sensing satellites (RADARSAT Constellation Mission)
2020 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration (active participant in planned Moon missions under the Artemis program)

### Terrorism

**Terrorist group(s):**
Terrorist group(s): Hizballah; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

### Transnational Issues

**Refugees and internally displaced persons:**
refugees: 561,551 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 1,981 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 8,166 (2024 est.)

**Illicit drugs:**
USG identification:
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

---

## Clipperton Island
**Slug:** clipperton-island
**Region:** North America
**Codes:** cek: ip, genc: CPT, stanag: FYP, internet: -, comment: ISO includes with France

### Introduction

**Background:**
This isolated atoll was named for John CLIPPERTON, an English pirate who was rumored to have made it his hideout early in the 18th century. Annexed by France in 1855 and claimed by the US, it was seized by Mexico in 1897. Arbitration eventually awarded the island to France in 1931, which took possession in 1935.

### Geography

**Location:**
Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico

**Geographic coordinates:**
10 17 N, 109 13 W

**Map references:**
Political Map of the World

**Area:**
total : 6 sq km
land: 6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

**Area - comparative:**
about 12 times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

**Land boundaries:**
total: 0 km

**Coastline:**
11.1 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

**Climate:**
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)

**Terrain:**
coral atoll

**Elevation:**
highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

**Natural resources:**
fish

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 100% (2018 est.)

**Natural hazards:**
subject to tropical storms and hurricanes from May to October

**Geography - note:**
the atoll reef is approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) in circumference

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: uninhabited

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
no natural resources, guano deposits depleted; stagnant fresh-water lagoon

**Climate:**
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees Celsius, wet season (May to October)

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 0% (2018 est.)
forest: 0% (2018 est.)
other: 100% (2018 est.)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Clipperton Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Clipperton
former: sometimes referred to as Ile de la Passion or Atoll Clipperton
etymology: named after an 18th-century English pirate who is alleged to have used the island as a base starting in 1705

**Dependency status:**
possession of France; administered directly by the Minister of Overseas France

**Legal system:**
the laws of France apply

**Flag:**
the flag of France is used

### Military and Security

**Military - note:**
defense is the responsibility of France

---

## Greenland
**Slug:** greenland
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇬🇱
**Codes:** cek: gl, iso2: GL, iso3: GRL, iso_num: 304, genc: GRL, stanag: GRL, internet: .gl

### Introduction

**Background:**
Greenland, the world's largest island, is about 80% ice capped. The Inuit came to Greenland from North America in a series of migrations that stretched from 2500 BC to the11th century. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century, and Greenland became part of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community (now the EU) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew in 1985 over a dispute centered on stringent fishing quotas. Greenland remains a member of the EU's Overseas Countries and Territories Association. The Danish parliament granted Greenland home rule in 1979; the law went into effect the following year. Greenland voted in favor of self-government in 2008 and acquired greater responsibility for internal affairs when the Act on Greenland Self-Government was signed into law in 2009. The Kingdom of Denmark, however, continues to exercise control over several policy areas on behalf of Greenland, including foreign affairs, security, and financial policy, in consultation with Greenland's Self-Rule Government.

### Geography

**Location:**
Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

**Geographic coordinates:**
72 00 N, 40 00 W

**Map references:**
Arctic Region

**Area:**
total : 2,166,086 sq km
land: 2,166,086 sq km (approximately 1,710,000 sq km ice-covered)

**Area - comparative:**
slightly more than three times the size of Texas

**Land boundaries:**
total: 0 km

**Coastline:**
44,087 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

**Climate:**
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

**Terrain:**
flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, barren, rocky coast

**Elevation:**
highest point: Gunnbjorn Fjeld 3,694 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
mean elevation: 1,792 m

**Natural resources:**
coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, diamonds, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalite, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 0.6% (2023 est.)
arable land: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 99.4% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
NA

**Population distribution:**
settlement concentrated on the southwest shoreline, with limited settlements scattered along the remaining coast; interior is uninhabited

**Natural hazards:**
continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

**Geography - note:**
dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk; world's second largest ice sheet after that of Antarctica, covering an area of 1.71 million sq km (660,000 sq mi), or about 79% of the island, and containing 2.85 million cu km (684 thousand cu mi) of ice (almost 7% of the world's fresh water)

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 57,713 (2025 est.)
male: 29,775
female: 27,938

**Nationality:**
noun: Greenlander(s)
adjective: Greenlandic

**Ethnic groups:**
Greenlandic 88.1%, Danish 7.1%, Filipino 1.6%, other Nordic peoples 0.9%, and other 2.3% (2024 est.)
note: data represent population by country of birth

**Languages:**
Greenlandic, Danish, English
note: West Greenlandic or Kalaallisut is the official language; Tunumiisut (East Greenlandic) and Inuktun (Polar Inuit Greenlandic) are considered dialects of Kalaallisut and spoken by about 10% of Greenlanders

**Religions:**
Evangelical Lutheran, traditional Inuit spiritual beliefs

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 20.4% (male 5,964/female 5,798)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 20,050/female 18,711)
65 years and over: 12.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,829/female 3,399)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 50.4 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 30.5 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 19.9 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 5 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 35.6 years (2025 est.)
male: 35.9 years
female: 34.7 years

**Population growth rate:**
-0.08% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
13.32 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
9.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
-4.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
settlement concentrated on the southwest shoreline, with limited settlements scattered along the remaining coast; interior is uninhabited

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 87.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
18,000 NUUK (capital) (2018)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.13 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 74.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 71.8 years
female: 77.3 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.87 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.91 (2025 est.)

**Drinking water source:**
improved:
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

**Physician density:**
1.87 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
total: 62.5% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 37.5% of population (2022 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
38.8% (2022 est.)

**Education expenditure:**
10.2% of GDP (2019 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
changes in sea levels and other disruptions in the Arctic environment

**Climate:**
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 0.6% (2023 est.)
arable land: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0.6% (2023 est.)
forest: 0% (2023 est.)
other: 99.4% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 87.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
527,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 12 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 527,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

**Waste and recycling:**
municipal solid waste generated annually: 50,000 tons (2024 est.)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Greenland
local long form: none
local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat
etymology: named by Norse navigator Erik THORVALDSSON (Erik the Red) in A.D. 985 to attract settlers to the island; the original Greenlandic name, Kalaallit Nunaat, means "land of the people"

**Government type:**
parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Greenland or Inatsisartut)

**Dependency status:**
part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979

**Capital:**
name: Nuuk
geographic coordinates: 64 11 N, 51 45 W
time difference: UTC-2 (3 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
time zone note: Greenland has three time zones
etymology: nuuk is the Inuit word for "cape;" until 1979, the name was Godthab, from the Danish words meaning "good hope"

**Administrative divisions:**
5 municipalities (kommuner, singular - kommune); Avannaata, Kujalleq, Qeqertalik, Qeqqata, Sermersooq
note: Northeast Greenland National Park (Kalaallit Nunaanni Nuna Eqqissisimatitaq) and the Pituffik Space Base (formerly known as Thule Air Base) in northwest Greenland are two unincorporated areas; the national park's 972,000 sq km -- about 46% of the island -- makes it the largest national park in the world and also the most northerly

**Legal system:**
Denmark's laws apply in some areas, and Greenland's law for the remainder

**Constitution:**
history: previous 1953 (Greenland established as a constituency in the Danish constitution), 1979 (Greenland Home Rule Act); latest 21 June 2009 (Greenland Self-Government Act)

**Citizenship:**
see Denmark

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: King FREDERIK X of Denmark (since 14 January 2024), represented by High Commissioner Julie Praest WILCHE (since May 2022) (2024)
head of government: Prime Minister Jens-Frederik NIELSEN (since 28 March 2025)
cabinet: Self-rule Government (Naalakkersuisut) elected by the Parliament (Inatsisartut)
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; premier indirectly elected by Parliament for a 4-year term
election results: 2025: Jens-Frederik NIELSEN (D) elected premier
2021: Mute B. EGEDE elected premier; Parliament vote - Mute B. EGEDE (Inuit Ataqatigiit) unanimous
2014: Kim KIELSEN elected premier; Parliament vote - Kim KIELSEN (S) 27.2%, Sara OLSVIG (IA) 25.5%, Randi Vestergaard EVALDSEN (D) 19.5%, other 27.8%

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Parliament (Inatsisartut)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 31 (directly elected)
electoral system: proportional representation
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 4 years
most recent election date: 4/6/2021
parties elected and seats per party: IA (12); S (10); N (4); D (3); A (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 35%
expected date of next election: 2025
note: Greenland elects 2 members to the Danish Parliament to serve 4-year terms

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): High Court of Greenland (consists of the presiding professional judge and 2 lay assessors)
judge selection and term of office: judges appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Council, a 6-member independent body of judges and lawyers; judges appointed for life with retirement at age 70
subordinate courts: Court of Greenland; 18 district or magistrates' courts
note: appeals beyond the High Court of Greenland can be heard by the Supreme Court (in Copenhagen)

**Political parties:**
Democrats Party (Demokraatit) or D
Fellowship Party (Atassut) or A
Forward Party (Siumut) or S
Inuit Community (Inuit Ataqatigiit) or IA
Signpost Party (Naleraq) or N (formerly Partii Naleraq)

**Diplomatic representation in the US:**
chief of mission: Kenneth HØEGH, Head of Representation (since 1 August 2021)
chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street, NW
Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470
email address and website:
washington@nanoq.gl
All Greenlandic Representations | Grønlands Repræsentation (grl-rep.dk);
https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Groenlands-repraesentation-Washington
note: Greenland also has offices in the Danish consulates in Chicago and New York

**Diplomatic representation from the US:**
chief of mission: Consul Susan A. "Suzi" WILSON (since August 2025)
embassy: Aalisartut Aqqutaa 47
Nuuk 3900
Greenland
telephone: (+299) 384100
email address and website:
USConsulateNuuk@state.gov
Homepage - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Kingdom of Denmark (usembassy.gov)

**International organization participation:**
Arctic Council, ICC, NC, NIB, UPU

**Independence:**
none (extensive self-rule as part of the Kingdom of Denmark)

**National holiday:**
National Day, June 21
note: marks the summer solstice and the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere

**Flag:**
description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red, with a large disk set slightly to the left; the top half of the disk is red, and the bottom is white
meaning: the design represents the sun reflecting off a field of ice; the colors are the same as the Danish flag and symbolize Greenland's links to the Kingdom of Denmark

**National symbol(s):**
polar bear

**National color(s):**
red, white

**National anthem(s):**
title: "Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit" (Our Country, Who's Become So Old)
lyrics/music: Henrik LUND/Jonathan PETERSEN
history: adopted 1916
_____
title: "Nuna asiilasooq" (The Land of Great Length)
lyrics/music: unknown
history: adopted 1979, when home rule was granted; the Greenlandic government recognizes this local Kalaallit song as a secondary anthem

**National heritage:**
total World Heritage Sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural); note - excerpted from the Denmark entry
selected World Heritage Site locales: Ilulissat Icefjord (n); Kujataa, Norse, and Inuit Farming (c); Aasivissuit–Nipisat, Inuit Hunting Ground (c)

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
high-income, self-governing Danish territorial economy; non-EU member but preferential market access; dependent on Danish financial support; exports led by fishing industry; growing tourism and interest in untapped mineral deposits; relies on hydropower for fuel

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$4.04 billion (2023 est.)
$4.005 billion (2022 est.)
$3.926 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**Real GDP growth rate:**
0.9% (2023 est.)
2% (2022 est.)
1.6% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

**Real GDP per capita:**
$71,000 (2023 est.)
$70,700 (2022 est.)
$69,300 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$3.327 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):**
1.2% (2022 est.)
0% (2021 est.)
2.1% (2020 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices

**GDP - composition, by sector of origin:**
agriculture: 16.6% (2023 est.)
industry: 18.4% (2023 est.)
services: 61% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

**GDP - composition, by end use:**
household consumption: 32.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption: 41.7% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 34.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services: 40.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services: -51.1% (2023 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

**Agricultural products:**
sheep, cattle, reindeer, fish, shellfish

**Industries:**
fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut), anorthosite and ruby mining, handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards

**Industrial production growth rate:**
-1.3% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

**Budget:**
revenues: $1.719 billion (2016 est.)
expenditures: $1.594 billion (2016 est.)

**Exports:**
$1.357 billion (2023 est.)
$1.286 billion (2022 est.)
$1.122 billion (2021 est.)
note: GDP expenditure basis - exports of goods and services in current dollars

**Exports - partners:**
Denmark 50%, China 23%, UK 5%, Japan 5%, Germany 3% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
fish, shellfish, processed crustaceans, ships, precious stones (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

**Imports:**
$1.7 billion (2023 est.)
$1.657 billion (2022 est.)
$1.635 billion (2021 est.)
note: GDP expenditure basis - imports of goods and services in current dollars

**Imports - partners:**
Denmark 58%, Sweden 19%, Spain 8%, Iceland 7%, Canada 2% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
refined petroleum, ships, garments, plastic products, furniture (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Exchange rates:**
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
6.894 (2024 est.)
6.89 (2023 est.)
7.076 (2022 est.)
6.287 (2021 est.)
6.542 (2020 est.)

### Energy

**Electricity access:**
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 190,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 534.5 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 10 million kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 13.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 85.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Coal:**
imports: 5 metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 383 million metric tons (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
refined petroleum consumption: 4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 5,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2022 est.)

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**
total subscriptions: 66,400 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119 (2022 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
Greenland Broadcasting Company provides public radio and TV, with a broadcast station and a series of repeaters; a few private local TV and radio stations; Danish public radio rebroadcasts are available (2019)

**Internet country code:**
.gl

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 70% (2017 est.)

**Broadband - fixed subscriptions:**
total: 18,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2022 est.)

### Transportation

**Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:**
OY-H

**Airports:**
25 (2025)

**Heliports:**
54 (2025)

**Merchant marine:**
total: 10 (2023)
by type: other 10

**Ports:**
total ports: 23 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 7
very small: 10
size unknown: 6
ports with oil terminals: 5
key ports: Aasiaat, Illulissat (Jakobshavn), Kusanartoq, Nuuk, Paamuit (Frederikshab), Qeqertarsuaq, Sisimiut

### Military and Security

**Military and security forces:**
no regular military forces

**Military - note:**
the Danish military’s Joint Arctic Command in Nuuk is responsible for coordinating Denmark's defense of Greenland
the US Space Force maintains a base on Greenland’s northwest coast, about 750 miles from the North Pole

---

## Mexico
**Slug:** mexico
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇲🇽
**Codes:** cek: mx, iso2: MX, iso3: MEX, iso_num: 484, genc: MEX, stanag: MEX, internet: .mx

### Introduction

**Background:**
Mexico was the site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations -- including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec -- until Spain conquered and colonized the area in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018.
The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.
Mexico is currently the US's second-largest goods trading partner, after Canada. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities, particularly for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.

### Geography

**Location:**
North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

**Geographic coordinates:**
23 00 N, 102 00 W

**Map references:**
North America

**Area:**
total : 1,964,375 sq km
land: 1,943,945 sq km
water: 20,430 sq km

**Area - comparative:**
slightly less than three times the size of Texas

**Land boundaries:**
total: 4,389 km
border countries (3): Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

**Coastline:**
9,330 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

**Climate:**
varies from tropical to desert

**Terrain:**
high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

**Elevation:**
highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m
lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
mean elevation: 1,111 m

**Natural resources:**
petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 50.7% (2023 est.)
arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.2% (2023 est.)
other: 15.1% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
59,910 sq km (2022)

**Major lakes (area sq km):**
fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km
salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km

**Major rivers (by length in km):**
Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

**Major watersheds (area sq km):**
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of America) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)

**Major aquifers:**
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

**Population distribution:**
most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

**Natural hazards:**
tsunamis along the Pacific coast; volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south; hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of America, and Caribbean coasts
volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m) is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

**Geography - note:**
note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 2: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States)
note 3: the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of America from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; on the northern coast of Yucatan near the town of Chicxulub lie the remnants of a massive asteroid or comet crater about 150 km (93 mi) in diameter and extending into the Gulf of America; the impact is believed to have initiated a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of the earth's plant and animal species, including the non-avian dinosaurs

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 131,741,347 (2025 est.)
male: 64,389,638
female: 67,351,709

**Nationality:**
noun: Mexican(s)
adjective: Mexican

**Ethnic groups:**
Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)
note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

**Languages:**
Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)
major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

**Religions:**
Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.)

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)
65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 45.2 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 33.1 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 12.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.2 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 31 years (2025 est.)
male: 28.8 years
female: 32.7 years

**Population growth rate:**
0.81% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
14.73 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Mother's mean age at first birth:**
21.3 years (2008 est.)

**Maternal mortality ratio:**
42 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.)
male: 71.6 years
female: 77.7 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.85 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.9 (2025 est.)

**Drinking water source:**
improved:
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 98.4% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 1.6% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

**Health expenditure:**
6.1% of GDP (2021)
10.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

**Physician density:**
2.59 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

**Hospital bed density:**
1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

**Obesity - adult prevalence rate:**
28.9% (2016)

**Alcohol consumption per capita:**
total: 4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

**Tobacco use:**
total: 13.8% (2025 est.)
male: 21.8% (2025 est.)
female: 6.3% (2025 est.)

**Children under the age of 5 years underweight:**
4.2% (2022 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
53% (2023 est.)

**Child marriage:**
women married by age 15: 3.6% (2018)
women married by age 18: 20.7% (2018)

**Education expenditure:**
4.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
14.2% national budget (2022 est.)

**Literacy:**
total population: 95% (2020 est.)
male: 96% (2020 est.)
female: 94% (2020 est.)

**School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):**
total: 15 years (2022 est.)
male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; urban river pollution from raw sewage and industrial effluents; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air and water pollution in urban areas; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation as national security issues

**International environmental agreements:**
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

**Climate:**
varies from tropical to desert

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 50.7% (2023 est.)
arable land: 10.3% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 2.3% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 38.1% (2023 est.)
forest: 34.2% (2023 est.)
other: 15.1% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
441.049 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 32.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 228.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 180.684 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

**Particulate matter emissions:**
17.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

**Methane emissions:**
energy: 1,389 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 2,372.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 1,832.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 49.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

**Waste and recycling:**
municipal solid waste generated annually: 53.1 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 9.6% (2022 est.)

**Total water withdrawal:**
municipal: 13.33 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial: 7.953 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural: 68.523 billion cubic meters (2022)

**Total renewable water resources:**
461.888 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

**Geoparks:**
total global geoparks and regional networks: 2
global geoparks and regional networks: Comarca Minera, Hidalgo; Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca (2023)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: United Mexican States
conventional short form: Mexico
local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form: Mexico
former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire
etymology: name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

**Government type:**
federal presidential republic

**Capital:**
name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)
geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022
time zone note: Mexico has four time zones
etymology: name may derive from one of the Nahuatl (Aztec) names for the capital city, Metztlixihtlico, which probably meant "the center of the moon;" alternatively, it may come from Mexica, the original name of the Aztec people

**Administrative divisions:**
32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

**Legal system:**
civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

**Constitution:**
history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917
amendment process: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures

**International law organization participation:**
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

**Citizenship:**
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: not specified
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
election/appointment process: president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a single 6-year term
most recent election date: 2 June 2024
election results:
2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3%
2018: Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9%
2012: Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%
expected date of next election: 2030
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Congress of the Union (Congreso de la Unión)
legislative structure: bicameral
note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

**Legislative branch - lower chamber:**
chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados)
number of seats: 500 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 3 years
most recent election date: 6/2/2024
parties elected and seats per party: National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (236); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (77); National Action Party (PAN) (72); Labour Party (PT) (51); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (35); Citizens' Movement (MC) (27); Other (2)
percentage of women in chamber: 50.2%
expected date of next election: June 2027

**Legislative branch - upper chamber:**
chamber name: Senate (Cámara de Senadores)
number of seats: 128 (all directly elected)
electoral system: mixed system
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 6 years
most recent election date: 6/2/2024
parties elected and seats per party: National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (60); National Action Party (PAN) (22); Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (16); Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) (14); Labour Party (PT) (9); Other (7)
percentage of women in chamber: 50%
expected date of next election: June 2030

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms
subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts
note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

**Political parties:**
Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA
National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD

**Diplomatic representation in the US:**
chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragán (since 20 April 2021)
chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698
email address and website:
mexembusa@sre.gob.mx
https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/
consulate(s) general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

**Diplomatic representation from the US:**
chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald D. JOHNSON (since 19 May 2025)
embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX
mailing address: 8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC 20521-8700
telephone: (011) [52]-55-5080-2000
FAX: (011) 52-55-5080-2005
email address and website:
ACSMexicoCity@state.gov
https://mx.usembassy.gov/
consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mérida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

**International organization participation:**
ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

**Independence:**
16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

**National holiday:**
Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

**Flag:**
description: three equal vertical bands of green (left side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band
meaning: green stands for hope, joy, and love; white for peace and honesty; red for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor

**National symbol(s):**
golden eagle, dahlia

**National color(s):**
green, white, red

**National coat of arms:**
Adopted in 1968, Mexico’s coat of arms is also used as the Seal of the United Mexican States. The Mexican Golden Eagle, a national symbol, is perched on a prickly pear cactus and eats a snake. Beneath the eagle, oak and laurel leaves are joined by a ribbon in the national colors. The image symbolizes the triumph of good over evil.

**National anthem(s):**
title: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico)
lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA
history: adopted 1943

**National heritage:**
total World Heritage Sites: 36 (28 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c); Wixárika Route through Sacred Sites to Wirikuta (Tatehuarí Huajuyé) (c)

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$2.883 trillion (2024 est.)
$2.842 trillion (2023 est.)
$2.751 trillion (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**Real GDP growth rate:**
1.5% (2024 est.)
3.3% (2023 est.)
3.7% (2022 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

**Real GDP per capita:**
$22,000 (2024 est.)
$21,900 (2023 est.)
$21,400 (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$1.853 trillion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):**
4.7% (2024 est.)
5.5% (2023 est.)
7.9% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices

**GDP - composition, by sector of origin:**
agriculture: 3.8% (2024 est.)
industry: 31.6% (2024 est.)
services: 58.2% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

**GDP - composition, by end use:**
household consumption: 70.3% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 11.2% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.2% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 36.8% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

**Agricultural products:**
sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

**Industries:**
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

**Industrial production growth rate:**
0.2% (2024 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

**Labor force:**
60.959 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

**Unemployment rate:**
2.8% (2024 est.)
2.8% (2023 est.)
3.3% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment

**Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):**
total: 5.5% (2024 est.)
male: 5.2% (2024 est.)
female: 6.1% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

**Population below poverty line:**
36.3% (2022 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line

**Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:**
43.5 (2022 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

**Average household expenditures:**
on food: 25.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

**Household income or consumption by percentage share:**
lowest 10%: 2.1% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 34.4% (2022 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

**Remittances:**
3.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
3.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
4.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

**Budget:**
revenues: $342.571 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $417.843 billion (2023 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

**Public debt:**
45.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP

**Taxes and other revenues:**
14.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

**Current account balance:**
-$5.986 billion (2024 est.)
-$5.611 billion (2023 est.)
-$17.701 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

**Exports:**
$680.798 billion (2024 est.)
$649.729 billion (2023 est.)
$630.347 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

**Exports - partners:**
USA 76%, Canada 5%, China 2%, Germany 2%, Spain 1% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
cars, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks, computers (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

**Imports:**
$697.067 billion (2024 est.)
$674.695 billion (2023 est.)
$672.914 billion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

**Imports - partners:**
USA 46%, China 20%, Germany 4%, Japan 3%, S. Korea 3% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
vehicle parts/accessories, refined petroleum, integrated circuits, broadcasting equipment, cars (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:**
$232.035 billion (2024 est.)
$214.317 billion (2023 est.)
$201.119 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

**Debt - external:**
$306.308 billion (2023 est.)
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

**Exchange rates:**
Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
18.305 (2024 est.)
17.759 (2023 est.)
20.127 (2022 est.)
20.272 (2021 est.)
21.486 (2020 est.)

### Energy

**Electricity access:**
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
electrification - urban areas: 99.8%
electrification - rural areas: 100%

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 105.586 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 332.042 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.97 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 4.863 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 45.47 billion kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 5.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Nuclear energy:**
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.55GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 4.9% (2023 est.)

**Coal:**
production: 6.296 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 15.132 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 8.809 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 1.16 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
total petroleum production: 2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 1.741 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

**Natural gas:**
production: 33.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 97.118 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 27.92 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 64.289 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 180.322 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

**Energy consumption per capita:**
57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 25.9 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2024 est.)

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**
total subscriptions: 152 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 116 (2024 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
telecom reform in 2013 ended a quasi-monopoly; now 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations, most privately owned; foreign satellite and cable operators are available; completed transition to digital in 2016 (2022)

**Internet country code:**
.mx

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 81% (2023 est.)

**Broadband - fixed subscriptions:**
total: 26.6 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2023 est.)

### Transportation

**Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:**
XA

**Airports:**
1,580 (2025)

**Heliports:**
488 (2025)

**Railways:**
total: 23,389 km (2017)
standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)

**Merchant marine:**
total: 674 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 32, other 627

**Ports:**
total ports: 35 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 7
small: 10
very small: 14
size unknown: 4
ports with oil terminals: 21
key ports: Acapulco, Ensenada, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz

### Military and Security

**Military and security forces:**
the Mexican Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de México) are divided between the Secretariat of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy:
Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM), National Guard (Guardia Nacional); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM))
Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection/SEDENA: National Guard (2025)
note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy

**Military expenditures:**
0.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
0.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

**Military and security service personnel strengths:**
information varies; approximately 260,000 active-duty Armed Forces; approximately 110,000 National Guard personnel (2025)

**Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:**
the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically produced and imported armaments from a variety of mostly Western suppliers, particularly the US; Mexico's defense industry produces light armored vehicles and some naval vessels, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2025)

**Military service age and obligation:**
18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; men at age 18 subject to lottery-based 12-month compulsory military service (2025)

**Military - note:**
the Mexican military is responsible for defending the independence, integrity, and sovereignty of Mexico, as well as providing for internal security, disaster response, humanitarian assistance, and socio-economic development; internal security duties are a key focus, particularly combating narcotics trafficking and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2028; the military also provides security for strategic facilities, such as oil production infrastructure, and administers most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, plus a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LÓPEZ OBRADOR placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building and operating a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast (2025)

### Space

**Space agency/agencies:**
Mexican Space Agency (Agencia Espacial Mexicana or AEM; established 2010 and began operating in 2013) (2025)

**Space program overview:**
has a national space policy with a focus on expanding Mexico's commercial space sector, including acquiring satellites and developing specialists, technologies, and infrastructure; manufactures and operates communications and scientific satellites; conducts research on a range of space-related capabilities and technologies, including astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and weather sciences, remote sensing, robotics, satellite payloads, and telecommunications; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space industries, including those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the ESA, individual ESA member states (particularly France, Germany, and the UK), India, Japan, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and the US; led effort to establish the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency and hosts its headquarters (2025)

**Key space-program milestones:**
1962-1977 - sounding rocket program
1985 - first Mexican in space on US Space Shuttle; first communications satellite (Morelos-1) built by US and released from the US Space Shuttle
2015 - first successful launch of MEXSAT series of communications satellites by the US
2021 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space and lunar exploration
2024 - contributed five autonomous micro-robots (Colmena project) on failed US commercial Moon lander mission

### Terrorism

**Terrorist group(s):**
Terrorist group(s): Gulf Cartel (CDG); Jalisco Cartel New Generation (CJNG); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Northeast Cartel (CDN); The New Family Michoacana (LNFM); Sinaloa Cartel; United Cartels (CU)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

### Transnational Issues

**Refugees and internally displaced persons:**
refugees: 417,546 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 390,250 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 13 (2024 est.)

**Illicit drugs:**
USG identification:
major illicit drug-producing and/or drug-transit country
major precursor-chemical producer (2025)

---

## Saint Pierre and Miquelon
**Slug:** saint-pierre-and-miquelon
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇵🇲
**Codes:** cek: sb, iso2: PM, iso3: SPM, iso_num: 666, genc: SPM, stanag: SPM, internet: .pm

### Introduction

**Background:**
First settled by the French in the early 17th century, Saint Pierre and Miquelon are the sole remaining vestige of France's once vast North American possessions. They attained the status of an overseas collectivity in 2003.

### Geography

**Location:**
Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland (Canada)

**Geographic coordinates:**
46 50 N, 56 20 W

**Map references:**
North America

**Area:**
total : 242 sq km
land: 242 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups

**Area - comparative:**
1.5 times the size of Washington, D.C.

**Land boundaries:**
total: 0 km

**Coastline:**
120 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

**Climate:**
cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy

**Terrain:**
mostly barren rock

**Elevation:**
highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

**Natural resources:**
fish, deepwater ports

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
arable land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 86.3% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
0 sq km (2022)

**Population distribution:**
most of the population is found on Saint Pierre Island; a small settlement is located on the north end of Miquelon Island

**Natural hazards:**
persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard

**Geography - note:**
vegetation scanty; the islands are part of the northern Appalachians, along with Newfoundland

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 5,070 (2025 est.)
male: 2,442
female: 2,628

**Nationality:**
noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French

**Ethnic groups:**
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

**Languages:**
French (official)
major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

**Religions:**
Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 13.1% (male 346/female 328)
15-64 years: 61.6% (male 1,559/female 1,600)
65 years and over: 25.3% (2024 est.) (male 571/female 728)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 63.3 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 42.3 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 2.4 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 51.8 years (2025 est.)
male: 50.5 years
female: 51.9 years

**Population growth rate:**
-1.24% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
6.31 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
-6.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
most of the population is found on Saint Pierre Island; a small settlement is located on the north end of Miquelon Island

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 90.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
6,000 SAINT-PIERRE (capital) (2018)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 9.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 81.8 years (2024 est.)
male: 79.5 years
female: 84.3 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.79 (2025 est.)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
65.2% (2020 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
overfishing

**Climate:**
cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
arable land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0% (2022 est.)
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
forest: 5% (2023 est.)
other: 86.3% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 90.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.75% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
57,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 57,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
local long form: Département de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
etymology: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is reputed to be named after two navigators, one called Peter and one called Michael (in a nickname form) or Mikelon, a Basque name

**Government type:**
parliamentary democracy (Territorial Council); overseas collectivity of France

**Dependency status:**
overseas collectivity of France

**Capital:**
name: Saint-Pierre
geographic coordinates: 46 46 N, 56 11 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
etymology: may be named after Saint Peter, the patron saint of fisherman; alternatively, the name may come from one of the two navigators for whom the island as a whole is named

**Administrative divisions:**
no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but 2 communes are considered second-order: Saint Pierre, Miquelon

**Legal system:**
French civil law

**Constitution:**
history: 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
amendment process: amendment procedures of France's constitution apply

**Citizenship:**
see France

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Prefect Bruno ANDRE (since September 2023)
head of government: President of Territorial Council Marc DIDIO (since 12 January 2026)
cabinet: Le Cabinet du Préfet
election/appointment process: French president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prefect appointed by French president on the advice of French Ministry of Interior; Territorial Council president elected by Territorial Council councilors by absolute majority vote; term NA
most recent election date: 13 October 2020
election results:
2020: Bernard BRIAND elected President of Territorial Council; Territorial Council vote - 17 for, 2 abstentions
2017: Stephane LENORMAND elected President of Territorial Council vote - NA

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Territorial Council (Conseil Territorial)
legislative structure: unicameral
number of seats: 19 (directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 6 years
most recent election date: 3/27/2022
parties elected and seats per party: AD (15); Focus on the Future (4)
expected date of next election: March 2028
note: 1 senator is indirectly elected to the French Senate by an electoral college for a 6-year term, and 1 deputy is directly elected to the French National Assembly for a 5-year term

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Supérieur d'Appel (composition NA)
judge selection and term of office: judge selection and tenure NA

**Political parties:**
Archipelago Tomorrow (Archipel Domain) or AD (affiliated with The Republicans)
Focus on the Future (Cap sur l'Avenir) (affiliated with Left Radical Party)
Together to Build (Ensemble pour Construire)

**Diplomatic representation in the US:**
none (overseas territory of France)

**Diplomatic representation from the US:**
embassy: none (territorial overseas collectivity of France)

**International organization participation:**
UPU, WFTU (NGOs)

**Independence:**
none (overseas collectivity collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)

**National holiday:**
Fête de la Fédération, 14 July (1790)
note: often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, France's national celebration commemorates the storming of the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are la Fête nationale (National Holiday) and le Quatorze Juillet (14th of July)

**Flag:**
description: a yellow three-masted sailing ship facing the left side rides on a blue background with wavy white lines; a black-over-white wavy line divides the ship from the white wavy lines; on the left side, a vertical band is divided into three heraldic arms: the top (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the corners and overlaid with a white cross, the middle is white with an ermine pattern, and the bottom is red with two yellow lions outlined in black
meaning: the arms represent settlers from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy in France; blue symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean, and the ship represents explorer Jacques Cartier's ship when he visited the islands in 1536
note: the flag of France used for official occasions

**National symbol(s):**
16th-century sailing ship

**National anthem(s):**
title: "La Marseillaise" (The Song of Marseille)
lyrics/music: Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle
history: official anthem, as a French collectivity

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
high-income, French North American territorial economy; primarily fishing exports; substantial French Government support; highly seasonal labor force; euro user; increasing tourism and aquaculture investments

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$261.3 million (2015 est.)
note: supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$261.3 million (2015 est.)

**Agricultural products:**
vegetables; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish

**Industries:**
fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism

**Exports - partners:**
Canada 78%, Ireland 5%, France 5%, Djibouti 4%, UK 2% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
processed crustaceans, shellfish (2023)
note: top export commodities based on value in dollars over $500,000

**Imports - partners:**
France 57%, Canada 37%, Netherlands 3%, Belgium 2%, Spain 0% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
refined petroleum, packaged medicine, cars, plastic products, other foods (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Exchange rates:**
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
0.924 (2024 est.)
0.925 (2023 est.)
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)

### Energy

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 26,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 48.714 million kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 2 million kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
refined petroleum consumption: 400 bbl/day (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 4,650 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 81 (2022 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
8 TV stations, all part of the French Overseas Network, and local cable provided by SPM Telecom; 3 of 4 radio stations are part of the French Overseas Network (2021)

**Internet country code:**
.pm

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 88.7% (2022 est.)

### Transportation

**Airports:**
2 (2025)

**Ports:**
total ports: 2 (2024)
large: 0
medium: 0
small: 1
very small: 0
size unknown: 1
ports with oil terminals: 1
key ports: Miquelon, St. Pierre

### Military and Security

**Military - note:**
defense is the responsibility of France

---

## United States
**Slug:** united-states
**Region:** North America
**Flag:** 🇺🇸
**Codes:** cek: us, iso2: US, iso3: USA, iso_num: 840, genc: USA, stanag: USA, internet: .us

### Introduction

**Background:**
Thirteen of Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. Two of the most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Since the end of World War II, the economy has achieved relatively steady growth, low unemployment, and rapid advances in technology.

### Geography

**Location:**
North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

**Geographic coordinates:**
38 00 N, 97 00 W

**Map references:**
North America

**Area:**
total : 9,833,517 sq km
land: 9,147,593 sq km
water: 685,924 sq km
note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories

**Area - comparative:**
about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; more than twice the size of the European Union

**Land boundaries:**
total: 12,002 km
border countries (2): Canada 8,891 km (including 2,475 km with Alaska); Mexico 3,111 km
note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 28.5 km

**Coastline:**
19,924 km

**Maritime claims:**
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: not specified

**Climate:**
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
note: many consider Mount McKinley, the highest peak in the United States, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.

**Terrain:**
vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii

**Elevation:**
highest point: Mount McKinley 6,190 m (highest point in North America)
lowest point: Death Valley (lowest point in North America) -86 m
mean elevation: 760 m
note 1: Mount McKinley is one of the most striking features on the entire planet; at 20,310 feet, it is the crowning peak of the Alaska Range and the highest mountain on North America; it towers three and one-half vertical miles above its base, making it a mile taller from base to summit than Mt. Everest; McKinley's base sits at about 2,000 feet above sea level and rises over three and one-half miles to its 20,310 foot summit; Everest begins on a 14,000-foot high plain, then summits at 29,028 feet
note 2: the peak of Mauna Kea (4,207 m above sea level) on the island of Hawaii rises about 10,200 m above the Pacific Ocean floor; by this measurement, it is the world's tallest mountain -- higher than Mount Everest (8,850 m), which is recognized as the tallest mountain above sea level

**Natural resources:**
coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, rare earth elements, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber, arable land
note: the US has the world's largest coal reserves with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world's total

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 46.1% (2023 est.)
arable land: 16.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 29.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 33.8% (2023 est.)
other: 18.7% (2023 est.)

**Irrigated land:**
234,782 sq km (2017)

**Major lakes (area sq km):**
fresh water lake(s): Michigan – 57,750 sq km; Superior* – 53,348 sq km; Huron* – 23,597 sq km; Erie* – 12,890 sq km; Ontario* – 9,220 sq km; Lake of the Woods – 4,350 sq km; Iliamna – 2,590 sq km; Okeechobee – 1,810 sq km; Belcharof – 1,190 sq km; Red – 1,170 sq km; Saint Clair – 1,113 sq km; Champlain – 1,100 sq km
note - Great Lakes* area shown as US waters
salt water lake(s): Great Salt – 4,360 sq km; Pontchartrain – 1,620 sq km; Selawik – 1,400 sq km; Salton Sea – 950 sq km

**Major rivers (by length in km):**
Missouri - 3,768 km; Mississippi - 3,544 km; Yukon river mouth (shared with Canada [s]) - 3,190 km; Saint Lawrence (shared with Canada) - 3,058 km; Rio Grande river source (mouth shared with Mexico) - 3,057 km; Colorado river source (shared with Mexico [m]) - 2,333 km; Arkansas - 2,348 km; Columbia river mouth (shared with Canada [s]) - 2,250 km; Red - 2,188 km; Ohio - 2,102 km); Snake - 1,670 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

**Major watersheds (area sq km):**
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of America) Mississippi* (3,202,185 sq km); Rio Grande (607,965 sq km); (Gulf of Saint Lawrence) Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 sq km total, US only 505,000 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 sq km, US only 23,820 sq km); Colorado (703,148 sq km); Columbia* (657,501 sq km, US only 554,501 sq km)
note: watersheds shared with Canada shown with *

**Major aquifers:**
Northern Great Plains Aquifer, Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, Californian Central Valley Aquifer System, Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains), Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer

**Population distribution:**
large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western-tier states; mountainous areas such as the Rocky Mountains and Appalachians, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast, particularly around Anchorage, and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu

**Natural hazards:**
tsunamis; volcanoes; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of America coasts; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to development
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Hawaiian Islands, Western Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and in the Northern Mariana Islands; Mauna Loa (4,170 m) in Hawaii and Mount Rainier (4,392 m) in Washington have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Pavlof (2,519 m) is the most active volcano in Alaska's Aleutian Arc and poses a significant threat to intercontinental air travel; St. Helens (2,549 m), famous for the devastating 1980 eruption, remains active today; other historically active volcanoes are mostly concentrated in the Aleutian arc and Hawaii, including (in Alaska) Aniakchak, Augustine, Chiginagak, Fourpeaked, Iliamna, Katmai, Kupreanof, Martin, Novarupta, Redoubt, Spurr, Wrangell, Trident, Ugashik-Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, Veniaminof, (in Hawaii) Haleakala, Kilauea, Loihi, (in the Northern Mariana Islands) Anatahan, (in the Pacific Northwest) Mount Baker, and Mount Hood; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

**Geography - note:**
note 1: world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Mt. McKinley is the highest point (6,190 m; 20,308 ft) in North America, and Death Valley is the lowest point (-86 m; -282 ft)
note 2: the western US coast and the southern coast of Alaska lie along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes
note 3: the Aleutian Islands are a chain of volcanic islands that divide the Bering Sea (north) from the main Pacific Ocean (south); they extend about 1,800 km (1,118 mi) westward from the Alaskan Peninsula; the archipelago consists of 14 larger islands, 55 smaller islands, and hundreds of islets; there are 41 active volcanoes on the islands, which together form a large northern section of the Ring of Fire
note 4: Mammoth Cave, in west-central Kentucky, is the world's longest known cave system with more than 650 km (405 miles) of surveyed passageways, which is nearly twice as long as the second-longest cave system, the Sac Actun underwater cave in Mexico (see "Geography - note" under Mexico)
note 5: Kazumura Cave on the island of Hawaii is the world's longest and deepest lava-tube cave; it has been surveyed at 66 km (41 mi) long and 1,102 m (3,614 ft) deep
note 6: Bracken Cave outside San Antonio, Texas is the world's largest bat cave and the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world; an estimated 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats roost in the cave from March to October, making it the world's largest known concentration of mammals

### People and Society

**Population:**
total: 338,016,259 (2025 est.)
male: 167,543,554
female: 170,472,705

**Nationality:**
noun: American(s)
adjective: American

**Ethnic groups:**
White 61.6%, Black or African American 12.4%, Asian 6%, Indigenous and Alaska native 1.1%, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.2%, other 8.4%, two or more races 10.2% (2020 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, etc.); an estimated 18.7% of the total US population is Hispanic as of 2020

**Languages:**
English only (official) 78.2%, Spanish 13.4%, Chinese 1.1%, other 7.3% (2017 est.)
note: data represent the language spoken at home; English is the official national language as of March 2025, but English previously had official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska

**Religions:**
Protestant 46.5%, Roman Catholic 20.8%, Jewish 1.9%, Church of Jesus Christ 1.6%, other Christian 0.9%, Muslim 0.9%, Jehovah's Witness 0.8%, Buddhist 0.7%, Hindu 0.7%, other 1.8%, unaffiliated 22.8%, don't know/refused 0.6% (2014 est.)

**Age structure:**
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 31,618,532/female 30,254,223)
15-64 years: 63.4% (male 108,553,822/female 108,182,491)
65 years and over: 18.5% (2024 est.) (male 28,426,426/female 34,927,914)

**Dependency ratios:**
total dependency ratio: 56 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 26.8 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 29.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.4 (2025 est.)

**Median age:**
total: 39.5 years (2025 est.)
male: 37.8 years
female: 40 years

**Population growth rate:**
0.45% (2025 est.)

**Birth rate:**
10.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Death rate:**
8.76 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Net migration rate:**
2.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

**Population distribution:**
large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the US (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western-tier states; mountainous areas such as the Rocky Mountains and Appalachians, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast, particularly around Anchorage, and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 83.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Major urban areas - population:**
18.937 million New York-Newark, 12.534 million Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, 8.937 million Chicago, 6.707 million Houston, 6.574 million Dallas-Fort Worth, 5.490 million WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) (2023)

**Sex ratio:**
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

**Mother's mean age at first birth:**
27.5 years (2023 est.)

**Maternal mortality ratio:**
17 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

**Infant mortality rate:**
total: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births

**Life expectancy at birth:**
total population: 80.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 78.7 years
female: 83.1 years

**Total fertility rate:**
1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)

**Gross reproduction rate:**
0.02 (2025 est.)

**Drinking water source:**
improved:
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

**Health expenditure:**
16.6% of GDP (2022)
24.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

**Physician density:**
3.68 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

**Hospital bed density:**
2.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

**Sanitation facility access:**
improved:
urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 98.5% of population (2022 est.)
total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved:
urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
rural: 1.5% of population (2022 est.)
total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

**Obesity - adult prevalence rate:**
36.2% (2016)

**Alcohol consumption per capita:**
total: 8.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 3.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

**Tobacco use:**
total: 22.1% (2025 est.)
male: 27.7% (2025 est.)
female: 16.7% (2025 est.)

**Children under the age of 5 years underweight:**
0.4% (2018 est.)

**Currently married women (ages 15-49):**
52.1% (2022 est.)

**Education expenditure:**
5.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
11.3% national budget (2021 est.)

**School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):**
total: 16 years (2022 est.)
male: 15 years (2022 est.)
female: 17 years (2022 est.)

### Environment

**Environmental issues:**
air pollution; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; declining natural freshwater resources in the west; deforestation; mining; desertification; species conservation; invasive species

**International environmental agreements:**
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Protocol

**Climate:**
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
note: many consider Mount McKinley, the highest peak in the United States, to be the world’s coldest mountain because of its combination of high elevation and its subarctic location at 63 degrees north latitude; permanent snow and ice cover over 75 percent of the mountain, and enormous glaciers, up to 45 miles long and 3,700 feet thick, spider out from its base in every direction; it is home to some of the world’s coldest and most violent weather, where winds of over 150 miles per hour and temperatures of -93˚F have been recorded.

**Land use:**
agricultural land: 46.1% (2023 est.)
arable land: 16.6% (2023 est.)
permanent crops: 0.3% (2023 est.)
permanent pasture: 29.2% (2023 est.)
forest: 33.8% (2023 est.)
other: 18.7% (2023 est.)

**Urbanization:**
urban population: 83.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.96% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

**Carbon dioxide emissions:**
4.795 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 777.302 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 2.258 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 1.76 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

**Particulate matter emissions:**
7.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

**Methane emissions:**
energy: 20,500.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture: 9,063.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste: 4,974 kt (2019-2021 est.)
other: 758.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)

**Waste and recycling:**
municipal solid waste generated annually: 265.225 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 14.8% (2022 est.)

**Total water withdrawal:**
municipal: 58.39 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial: 209.7 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural: 176.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

**Total renewable water resources:**
3.069 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

### Government

**Country name:**
conventional long form: United States of America
conventional short form: United States
abbreviation: US or USA
etymology: the name America was first used in 1507 and is derived from the first name of Amerigo VESPUCCI (1454-1512), an Italian explorer, navigator, and cartographer; the name United States first appeared in a document subtitle during the discussions that led to the Declaration of Independence in 1776

**Government type:**
constitutional federal republic

**Capital:**
name: Washington, D.C.
geographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 W
time difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - no DST for Hawaii and most of Arizona
time zone note: the 50 United States cover six time zones
etymology: named after George WASHINGTON (1732-1799), the first president of the United States

**Administrative divisions:**
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

**Dependent areas:**
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island (14)
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political entities: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

**Legal system:**
common law system based on English common law at the federal level; state legal systems based on common law, except Louisiana, where state law is based on Napoleonic civil code; judicial review of legislative acts

**Constitution:**
history: previous 1781 (Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union); latest drafted July - September 1787, submitted to the Congress of the Confederation 20 September 1787, submitted for states' ratification 28 September 1787, ratification completed by nine of the 13 states 21 June 1788, effective 4 March 1789
amendment process: proposed as a "joint resolution" by Congress, which requires a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by at least two thirds of the state legislatures; passage requires ratification by three fourths of the state legislatures or passage in state-held constitutional conventions as specified by Congress; the US president has no role in the constitutional amendment process

**International law organization participation:**
withdrew acceptance of compulsory ICJ jurisdiction in 2005; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2002

**Citizenship:**
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: no, but the US government acknowledges such situtations exist; US citizens are not encouraged to seek dual citizenship since it limits protection by the US
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

**Suffrage:**
18 years of age; universal

**Executive branch:**
chief of state: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2025)
head of government: President Donald J. TRUMP (since 20 January 2025)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, approved by the Senate
election/appointment process: president and vice president indirectly elected on the same ballot by the Electoral College of electors chosen from each state; president and vice president serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term)
most recent election date: 5 November 2024
election results:
2024: Donald J. TRUMP elected president; electoral vote - Donald J. TRUMP (Republican Party) 312, Kamala HARRIS (Democratic Party) 226; percent of direct popular vote - Donald J. TRUMP 49.8%, Kamala HARRIS 48.3%, other 1.9%
2020: Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. elected president; electoral vote - Joseph R. BIDEN, Jr. (Democratic Party) 306, Donald J. TRUMP (Republican Party) 232; percent of direct popular vote - Joseph R. BIDEN Jr. 51.3%, Donald J. TRUMP 46.9%, other 1.8%
expected date of next election: 7 November 2028
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

**Legislative branch:**
legislature name: Congress
legislative structure: bicameral
note: in addition to the regular members of the House of Representatives there are 6 non-voting delegates elected from the District of Columbia and the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands; these are single seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve a 2-year term (except for the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico who serves a 4-year term); the delegate can vote when serving on a committee and when the House meets as the Committee of the Whole House, but not when legislation is submitted for a “full floor” House vote; election of delegates last held on 8 November 2022 (next to be held on 3 November 2024)

**Legislative branch - lower chamber:**
chamber name: House of Representatives
number of seats: 435 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: full renewal
term in office: 2 years
most recent election date: 11/5/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Republican Party (220); Democratic Party (215)
percentage of women in chamber: 28.9%
expected date of next election: November 2026

**Legislative branch - upper chamber:**
chamber name: Senate
number of seats: 100 (all directly elected)
electoral system: plurality/majority
scope of elections: partial renewal
term in office: 6 years
most recent election date: 11/5/2024
parties elected and seats per party: Republican Party (15); Democratic Party (19)
percentage of women in chamber: 26%
expected date of next election: November 2026

**Judicial branch:**
highest court(s): US Supreme Court (consists of 9 justices -- the chief justice and 8 associate justices)
judge selection and term of office: president nominates and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints Supreme Court justices; justices serve for life
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (includes the US Court of Appeal for the Federal District and 12 regional appeals courts); 94 federal district courts in 50 states and territories
note: the US court system consists of the federal court system and the state court systems; each court system is responsible for hearing certain types of cases, but neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often interact

**Political parties:**
Alliance Party
Constitution Party
Democratic Party
Green Party
Libertarian Party
Republican Party
Vermont Progressive Party

**International organization participation:**
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), ANZUS, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CICA (observer), CP, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Quad, SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

**Independence:**
4 July 1776 (declared independence from Great Britain); 3 September 1783 (recognized by Great Britain)

**National holiday:**
Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

**Flag:**
description: 13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue rectangle in the upper-left corner has 50 five-pointed white stars, arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars
meaning: the stars represent the 50 states, and the stripes represent the 13 original colonies; blue stands for loyalty, devotion, truth, justice, and friendship; red for courage, zeal, and fervency; white for purity and rectitude of conduct
note 1: sometimes referred to by its nickname of "Old Glory"
note 2: the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

**National symbol(s):**
bald eagle

**National color(s):**
red, white, blue

**National anthem(s):**
title: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
lyrics/music: Francis Scott KEY/John Stafford SMITH
history: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, Francis Scott KEY witnessed the successful American defense of Baltimore's Fort McHenry against a British naval bombardment, later writing a poem about it that would become the US national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of "The Anacreontic Song;" there are four verses, but only the first verse is sung

**National heritage:**
total World Heritage Sites: 26 (13 cultural, 12 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in Puerto Rico
selected World Heritage Site locales: Yellowstone National Park (n); Grand Canyon National Park (n); Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (c); Independence Hall (c); Statue of Liberty (c); Yosemite National Park (n); Papahānaumokuākea (m); Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point (c); The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright (c); Mesa Verde National Park (c); Mammoth Cave National Park (n); Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (c); Olympic National Park (n); Everglades National Park (n); Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek (n); Redwood National and State Parks (n); Great Smoky Mountains National Park (n); La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico (c); Chaco Culture (c); Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (n); Taos Pueblo (c); Carlsbad Caverns National Park (n); Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (n); Moravian Church Settlements (c); San Antonio Missions (c); Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks (c)

### Economy

**Economic overview:**
world’s largest economy by nominal GDP; largest importer and second-largest exporter; home to leading financial exchanges and global reserve currency; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above pre-pandemic levels

**Real GDP (purchasing power parity):**
$25.676 trillion (2024 est.)
$24.977 trillion (2023 est.)
$24.276 trillion (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**Real GDP growth rate:**
2.8% (2024 est.)
2.9% (2023 est.)
2.5% (2022 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

**Real GDP per capita:**
$75,500 (2024 est.)
$74,200 (2023 est.)
$72,700 (2022 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars

**GDP (official exchange rate):**
$29.185 trillion (2024 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

**Inflation rate (consumer prices):**
2.9% (2024 est.)
4.1% (2023 est.)
8% (2022 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices

**GDP - composition, by sector of origin:**
agriculture: 0.9% (2024 est.)
industry: 17.3% (2024 est.)
services: 79.7% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

**GDP - composition, by end use:**
household consumption: 67.9% (2024 est.)
government consumption: 13.4% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.1% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services: 10.9% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services: -14% (2024 est.)
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

**Agricultural products:**
maize, soybeans, milk, wheat, sugar beets, sugarcane, potatoes, chicken, pork, tomatoes (2023)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

**Industries:**
highly diversified, world leading, high-technology innovator, second-largest industrial output in the world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

**Industrial production growth rate:**
3.25% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

**Labor force:**
174.174 million (2024 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

**Unemployment rate:**
4.2% (2024 est.)
3.7% (2023 est.)
3.7% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment

**Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24):**
total: 9.4% (2024 est.)
male: 10.4% (2024 est.)
female: 8.3% (2024 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

**Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income:**
41.8 (2023 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

**Average household expenditures:**
on food: 6.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 1.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

**Household income or consumption by percentage share:**
lowest 10%: 1.8% (2023 est.)
highest 10%: 30.4% (2023 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

**Remittances:**
0% of GDP (2024 est.)
0% of GDP (2023 est.)
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

**Budget:**
revenues: $4.877 trillion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $6.857 trillion (2023 est.)
note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

**Public debt:**
114.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
note: central government debt as a % of GDP

**Taxes and other revenues:**
10.6% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

**Current account balance:**
-$1.134 trillion (2024 est.)
-$905.378 billion (2023 est.)
-$1.012 trillion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

**Exports:**
$3.191 trillion (2024 est.)
$3.072 trillion (2023 est.)
$3.039 trillion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

**Exports - partners:**
Canada 14%, Mexico 13%, China 8%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% (2023)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

**Exports - commodities:**
crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, gas turbines, cars (2023)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

**Imports:**
$4.108 trillion (2024 est.)
$3.857 trillion (2023 est.)
$3.984 trillion (2022 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

**Imports - partners:**
Mexico 15%, China 15%, Canada 14%, Germany 5%, Japan 5% (2023)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

**Imports - commodities:**
cars, crude petroleum, broadcasting equipment, computers, garments (2023)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

**Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:**
$910.037 billion (2024 est.)
$773.426 billion (2023 est.)
$706.644 billion (2022 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

**Exchange rates:**
British pounds per US dollar: 0.782 (2024 est.), 0.805 (2023 est.), 0.811 (2022 est.), 0.727 (2021 est.), 0.780 (2020 est.)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.369 (2024 est.), 1.35 (2023 est.), 1.302 (2022 est.), 1.254 (2021 est.), 1.341 (2020 est.)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 0.783 (2024 est.), 7.084 (2023 est.), 6.737 (2022 est.), 6.449 (2021 est.), 6.901 (2020 est.)
euros per US dollar: 0.924 (2024 est.), 0.925 (2023 est.), 0.950 (2022 est.), 0.845 (2021 est.), 0.876 (2020 est.)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 151.366 (2024 est.), 140.49 (2023 est.), 131.50 (2022 est.), 109.75 (2021 est.), 106.78 (2020 est.)
note 1: the following countries and territories use the US dollar officially as their legal tender: British Virgin Islands, Ecuador, El Salvador, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Timor Leste, Turks and Caicos, and islands of the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba)
note 2: the following countries and territories use the US dollar as official legal tender alongside local currency: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, and Panama

### Energy

**Electricity access:**
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

**Electricity:**
installed generating capacity: 1.235 billion kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 4.085 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 19.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 38.874 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 191.104 billion kWh (2023 est.)

**Electricity generation sources:**
fossil fuels: 58.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
nuclear: 18.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 9.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

**Nuclear energy:**
Number of operational nuclear reactors: 94 (2025)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 96.95GW (2025 est.)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 41 (2025)

**Coal:**
production: 534.234 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption: 495.156 million metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 92.28 million metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 3.825 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 247.883 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

**Petroleum:**
total petroleum production: 20.953 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 20.307 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 38.212 billion barrels (2021 est.)

**Natural gas:**
production: 1.072 trillion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption: 920.47 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
exports: 215.48 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 82.917 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves: 13.402 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

**Energy consumption per capita:**
278.474 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

### Communications

**Telephones - fixed lines:**
total subscriptions: 87.987 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2023 est.)

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**
total subscriptions: 391 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 113 (2024 est.)

**Broadcast media:**
4 major terrestrial TV networks with affiliate stations, plus cable and satellite networks, independent stations, and a limited public broadcasting sector; thousands of TV stations broadcasting; multiple national radio networks with many affiliate stations; over 15,000 radio stations, most commercial; National Public Radio (NPR) has a network of about 900 member stations; satellite radio available (2018)

**Internet country code:**
.us

**Internet users:**
percent of population: 93% (2023 est.)

**Broadband - fixed subscriptions:**
total: 131 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2023 est.)

### Transportation

**Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:**
N

**Airports:**
16,116 (2025)

**Heliports:**
8,130 (2025)

**Railways:**
total: 293,564.2 km (2014)
standard gauge: 293,564.2 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge

**Merchant marine:**
total: 3,533 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 60, general cargo 96, oil tanker 68, other 3,305
note - oceangoing self-propelled, cargo-carrying vessels of 1,000 gross tons and above

**Ports:**
total ports: 666 (2024)
large: 21
medium: 38
small: 132
very small: 475
ports with oil terminals: 204
key ports: Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Chester, Cleveland, Detroit, Galveston, Houston, Los Angeles, Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), Mobile, New Orleans, New York City, Norfolk, Oakland, Philadelphia, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, Tri-City Port

### Military and Security

**Military and security forces:**
United States Armed Forces (aka US Military): US Army (USA), US Navy (USN; includes US Marine Corps or USMC), US Air Force (USAF), US Space Force (USSF); US Coast Guard (USCG); National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) (2025)
note 1: the US Coast Guard is administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Navy
note 2: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard are reserve components of their services and operate in part under state authority; the US military also maintains reserve forces for each branch
note 3: US law enforcement personnel include those of federal agencies, such as the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice, the 50 states, special jurisdictions, local sheriff’s offices, and municipal, county, regional, and tribal police departments
note 4: some US states have "state defense forces" (SDFs), which are military units that operate under the sole authority of state governments; SDFs are authorized by state and federal law and are under the command of the governor of each state; most are organized as ground units, but air and naval units also exist

**Military expenditures:**
3.2% of GDP (2025 est.)
3.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
3.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
3.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
3.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

**Military and security service personnel strengths:**
approximately 1.28 million active duty Armed Forces (450,000 Army; 334,000 Navy; 317,000 Air Force; 10,000 Space Force; 168,000 Marine Corps); 42,000 Coast Guard) (2025)

**Military equipment inventories and acquisitions:**
the US military's inventory is comprised almost entirely of domestically produced weapons systems (some assembled with foreign components) along with a smaller mix of imported equipment from a variety of countries such as Germany and the UK; the US defense industry is capable of designing, developing, maintaining, and producing the full spectrum of weapons systems; the US is the world's leading arms exporter (2025)

**Military service age and obligation:**
17 years of age (under 18 with parental consent) for voluntary service for men and women; maximum enlistment age varies by service; 8-year initial service obligation, including 2-5 years active duty depending on the particular military service (2025)
note 1: the US military has been all-volunteer since 1973, but an act of Congress can reinstate the draft in case of a national emergency; males aged 18-25 must register with Selective Service
note 2: all military occupations and positions open to women; women comprised 17.7% of the total US regular military personnel as of 2023
note 3: non-citizens living permanently and legally in the US may join as enlisted personnel; they must have permission to work in the US, a high school diploma, and speak, read, and write English fluently; under the Compact of Free Association, citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Palau, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands may volunteer

**Military deployments:**
the US has approximately 200,000 military personnel deployed overseas on a permanent or a long-term rotational (typically 3-9 months) basis (2025)

**Military - note:**
the US military's primary missions are to deter potential enemies, provide for the defense of the US, its Territories, Commonwealths and possessions, and any areas occupied by the US, and to protect US national interests; its responsibilities are worldwide and include providing humanitarian assistance, participating in international military exercises and operations, conducting military diplomacy, and fulfilling the US's alliance and treaty commitments; the US has been a leading member of NATO since the Alliance's formation in 1949
the US military has a global presence; the separate services operate jointly under 11 regional or functionally based joint service "combatant" commands: Africa Command; Central Command, Cyber Command, European Command, Indo-Pacific Command, Northern Command, Southern Command, Space Command, Special Operations Command, Strategic Command, and Transportation Command
Congress officially created the US military in September 1789; the US Army was established in June 1775 as the Continental Army; after the declaration of independence in July 1776, the Continental Army and the militia in the service of Congress became known collectively as the Army of the United States; when Congress ordered the Continental Army to disband in 1784, it retained a small number of personnel that would form the nucleus of the 1st American Regiment for national service formed later that year; both the US Navy and the US Marines were also established in 1775, but the Navy fell into disuse after the Revolutionary War, and was reestablished by Congress in 1794; the first US military unit devoted exclusively to aviation began operations in 1913 as part of the US Army; the Army Air Corps (AAC) was the US military service dedicated to aerial warfare between 1926 and 1941; the AAC became the US Army Air Forces in 1941 and remained as a combat arm of the Army until the establishment of the US Air Force in 1947 (2025)

### Space

**Space agency/agencies:**
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; established 1958) (2025)
note: the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO; established in 1961) is responsible for designing, building, launching, and maintaining intelligence satellites; the US Space Command (USSPACECOM; established in 2019) is one of 11 unified combatant commands within the Department of Defense and is responsible for military operations in outer space, specifically all operations over 100 kilometers or 62 miles above mean sea level); the US Space Force (USSF; established 2019) is a branch of the US Armed Forces

**Space launch site(s):**
has 20 government and commercial spaceports licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration spread across 10 states (Alabama, Alaska, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia) (2025)

**Space program overview:**
has a large, comprehensive space program and is one of the world’s top space powers; builds, launches, and operates space launch vehicles (SLVs)/rockets and the full spectrum of spacecraft, including interplanetary probes, manned craft, reusable rockets, satellites, space stations, and space planes/shuttles; has an astronaut program and a corps of astronauts; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies, including advanced telecommunications and optics, navigational aids, propulsion, and robotics; has launched orbital or lander probes to the Sun and all the planets in the solar system, as well as to asteroids and beyond the solar system; has dozens of international missions and projects, including with Canada, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the ESA; as of January 2026, 60 countries had signed onto the US-led Artemis Accords to enhance the governance of civil exploration and use of outer space; the US commercial space industry is one of the world’s largest and is active across the spectrum of US government space programs; US commercial companies conduct the majority of NASA and US military space launches (2026)

**Key space-program milestones:**
1958-1963 - Project Mercury first manned space flights
1961-1963 - Project Gemini (longer-duration manned flights in preparation for Moon landings)
1963-1971 - Project Apollo Moon landings (world's first manned landing on the Moon, 1969)
1964 - launched first successful Mars probe (Mariner)
1965-1979 - operated Skylab space station
1977 - began launching Voyager probes to Jupiter, Saturn, and beyond the solar system
1980s-2011 - operated Space Shuttle program (world’s first re-usable space orbiters)
1990 - launched Hubble Space Telescope
1993 - began participating in International Space Station project
2003 - launched surface rover vehicles (Spirit and Opportunity) to Mars
2011 - launched orbital probe (Juno) to Jupiter
2016 - launched OSIRIS-REx mission to retrieve asteroid sample (landed on asteroid Bennu in 2020 and returned with sample in 2023)
2017 - initiated Artemis lunar landing project
2019 - initiated Gateway lunar orbital station project
2021 - launched James Webb Space Telescope (ESA contributed launch vehicle and launch site); surface rover vehicle (Perseverance) with robot helicopter (Ingenuity) successfully landed on surface of Mars
2024 - successfully placed a commercial lander on the Moon and launched probe (Europa Clipper) to study Jupiter's Europa moon

### Terrorism

**Terrorist group(s):**
Terrorist group(s): al-Qa'ida; Hizballah; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); La Mara Salvatruche (MS-13); Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LeT); Tren de Aragua (TdA)
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

### Transnational Issues

**Refugees and internally displaced persons:**
refugees: 3,619,495 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 21,737 (2024 est.)

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