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Israel

Middle East • Countries
Israel - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Old City of Jerusalem, Masada National Park, Yad Vashem, The Israel Museum, Caesarea Maritima, Qumran Caves, Tel Megiddo (Armageddon), Acre (Akko) Old City, Sea of Galilee, The Dead Sea, Jaffa Port, Baha'i Gardens, Tel Aviv White City, Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve (Mount Carmel Caves), Tel Dan Nature Reserve, Timna Park

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Old City of Jerusalem

The Spiritual Epicenter of the World

02

Masada National Park

Ancient Mountaintop Fortress

03

Yad Vashem

World Holocaust Remembrance Center

04

The Israel Museum

Custodian of the Dead Sea Scrolls

05

Caesarea Maritima

Herod the Great's Roman Port

06

Qumran Caves

Origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls

07

Tel Megiddo (Armageddon)

The Ancient City of Battles

08

Acre (Akko) Old City

Preserved Crusader & Ottoman City

09

Sea of Galilee

Biblical Lake and Historic Shores

10

The Dead Sea

The Lowest Point on Earth

11

Jaffa Port

Ancient Gateway to the Holy Land

12

Baha'i Gardens

Hanging Gardens of Haifa

13

Tel Aviv White City

The Heart of Bauhaus Architecture

14

Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve (Mount Carmel Caves)

Cradle of Human Evolution

15

Tel Dan Nature Reserve

Ancient Ruins and Rushing Waters

16

Timna Park

King Solomon's Copper Mines

The Eternal Bridge: A Geography of Convergence

To stand upon the soil of Israel is to place one’s feet at the absolute epicenter of human narrative. This narrow strip of land, wedged between the boundless blue of the Mediterranean Sea and the haunting silence of the Judean Desert, serves as the earth’s ultimate land bridge. For millennia, it has acted as the hinge upon which empires swung, the meeting point of three continents, and the stage for civilizations that defined the trajectory of the modern world. Its geography is a study in impossible contrasts. Here, snow-capped Mount Hermon looks out toward a coast that knows only summer, and the lowest dry point on the planet rests in the profound, saline quiet of the Dead Sea.

The "soul" of Israel is found in this tension between the ancient and the hyper-modern. It is a place where high-tech innovation is incubated within the shadow of bronze-age ruins, and where the rhythmic call of history informs every street corner. To understand this nation, one must first look at how its land shaped the faith, the trade, and the resilience of its people. As you begin your journey through these landscapes, you can deepen your academic inquiry by exploring the comprehensive history of Israel, which maps the rise and fall of kingdoms, the shifting borders, and the cultural movements that continue to echo through the contemporary global landscape.

A Landscape of Extremes

Israel’s environmental identity is defined by a verticality that defies its modest width. In a journey of only fifty miles, a traveler moves from the vibrant, humid coastal plains of Tel Aviv to the fertile, rolling hills of the Galilee, and finally to the stark, lunar beauty of the Negev desert. This environmental diversity is not merely incidental. It has dictated how people have settled, farmed, and governed for over five thousand years. Water has been the primary architect of this country, from the life-giving flow of the Jordan River to the ingenious, modern irrigation systems that turned arid sands into orchards.

For students and travelers who wish to experience the narrative of this landscape through a visual lens, we encourage you to view our cinematic showcase of Israel's points of interest. Through this immersive digital gallery, you will see the limestone canyons of the south, the lush valleys of the north, and the architectural marriage of old stone and glass that defines the cities of Jerusalem and Haifa.

The Living Archive: Understanding the Historical Tapestry

History in Israel is never beneath the surface. It is the surface. Every hillside is a palimpsest where layers of Canaanite, Israelite, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, and Ottoman influences overlap. To walk through the Old City of Jerusalem or the ports of Acre is to navigate a world where the medieval and the modern collide. This density of historical events can often feel overwhelming to the casual observer, which is why we provide structured resources to help distill this rich, multi-layered past into clear, chronological understanding.

If you feel ready to challenge your knowledge of these defining eras, we invite you to engage with our interactive historical chronology puzzle. By arranging major events and periods in the correct order, you can earn digital badges and solidify your grasp on the timeline that turned this region into the crossroads of human civilization. This educational tool is designed for classroom environments and curious minds alike, providing a gamified approach to mastering historical causality.

Technology, Faith, and Future

Today, Israel is recognized as the Startup Nation, a testament to the idea that a small, resource-scarce environment breeds immense human ingenuity. This innovation is not separate from the country’s history; it is a direct extension of it. The necessity to innovate in a land without abundant natural resources led to advancements in desalination, agriculture, and cyber-security. Just as ancient architects carved cisterns into the rock to survive the heat, modern scientists design algorithms to optimize global infrastructure.

The visual continuity of this history remains a vital part of our mission at GeoGnos. To see the sweep of time through the lens of artistry and scholarship, you may browse our cinematic history showcase. This visual narrative allows you to watch the evolution of human settlement and pivotal cultural turning points from a perspective that captures the spirit, rather than just the facts, of each era.

As you delve into the remaining sections of our country portal—from the intricate 3d diorama maps to the detailed analysis of our economy, energy sector, and cultural demographics—keep in mind that you are studying more than just a political entity. You are studying a singular geographical point on the planet that acts as a microcosm of humanity. From the cedar groves of the north to the coral reefs of Eilat, Israel invites the traveler and the student to witness the perseverance of culture in one of the most storied regions of the globe.

Location

Latitude
31.5° N
Longitude
34.75° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and Lebanon

Map Reference
Middle East

Area

Total Area
21,937 sq km
Land (98%)
Land: 21,497 sq km
Water: 440 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Mitspe Shlagim
Mitspe Shlagim 2,224 m; note - this is the highest named point, the actual highest point is an unnamed dome slightly to the west of Mitspe Shlagim at 2,236 m; both points are on the northeastern border of Israel, along the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range
Lowest Point
Dead Sea
Dead Sea -431 m
Mean Elevation
508 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

273 km

Geography - note

note 1: Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) is an important freshwater source; the Dead Sea is the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lake Assal in Djibouti) note 2: the Malham Cave in Mount Sodom is the world's longest salt cave at 10 km (6 mi); Mount Sodom is a hill about 220 m (722 ft) high that is 80% salt, with multiple salt layers covered by a veneer of rock

Irrigated land

1,927 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 1,068 km
Egypt 208 km
Jordan 327 km
Lebanon 81 km
Syria 83 km
West Bank 330 km

Major lakes (area sq km)

salt water lake(s): Dead Sea (shared with Jordan and West Bank) - 1,020 sq km note - endorheic hypersaline lake; 9.6 times saltier than the ocean; lake shore is 431 meters below sea level

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Natural hazards

sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic earthquakes

Natural resources

timberpotashcopper orenatural gasphosphate rockmagnesium bromideclayssand

Terrain

Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley

Population & Growth

+1.60% Growth
9,552,637
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 50.3% (4,807,098) Female: 49.7% (4,745,539)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
27.5%
~2,626,975
15-64 years
60.3%
~5,760,240
65 years
12.3%
~1,174,974
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
30.2 years
Male
29.6 yrs
Female
30.7 yrs
Life Expectancy
83.1 years
Male
81.1 yrs
Female
85.1 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
18.89
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
4.89
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
+1.88
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
2.89
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

3.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

50.4% (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 65.7 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 45.2 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 20.6 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 4.9 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

5.9%

5.9% of GDP (2022 est.) 16.1% national budget (2022 est.)

Ethnic groups

Jewish (of which Israel-born
73.5%
Europe/America/Oceania-born
14.3%
Africa-born
3.9%
Asia-born
2.1%
Arab
21.1%
other
5.4%

Gross reproduction rate

1.41 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

7.9%

7.9% of GDP (2021) 13% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

3.1 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 2.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Major urban areas - population

4.421 million Tel Aviv-Yafo, 1.174 million Haifa, 970,000 JERUSALEM (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.7 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

noun: Israeli(s) adjective: Israeli

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26.1% (2016)

Physician density

3.8 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population distribution

population concentrated in and around Tel-Aviv, as well as around the Sea of Galilee; the south remains sparsely populated, with the exception of the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
95,448 individuals
Refugees
28.7%
27,413
27,413 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
71.2%
68,000
68,000 (2024 est.)
Stateless Persons
0.0%
35
35 (2024 est.)

Religions

Jewish
73.5%
Muslim
18.1%
Christian
1.9%
Druze
1.6%
other
4.9%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years (2022 est.) male: 14 years (2022 est.) female: 16 years (2022 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 18.6% (2025 est.) male: 24.9% (2025 est.) female: 12.4% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Key Environmental Issues
limited arable land and restricted natural freshwater resources desertification air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (25%)
Other (69%)
Arable: 12.5%
Crops: 4.7%
Pasture: 7.6%
Forest: 6.7%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
64.401 million
Coal (18%) Oil (45%) Gas (37%)
PM2.5 Exposure 20.4 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 29.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 1.78 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (43%) Ind (5%) Agri (52%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementDesertificationEndangered SpeciesHazardous WastesNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlandsWhaling

Urbanization

urban population: 92.9% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.51% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.4 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 30.4% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Jerusalem
31.7667° N, 35.2333° E
Timezone UTC+2
Daylight Saving +1hr
Government Type
parliamentary democracy
Independence 1948-05-14
National Holiday 05-14

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Isaac HERZOG (since 7 July 2021)
Head of Government
Prime Minister Benyamin NETANYAHU (since 29 December 2022)
Last Election 2 June 2021
Next Election June 2028
Cabinet Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name Parliament (Knesset)
Seats & Term
120 (all directly elected) seats / 4 years
Women in Chamber
24.2% Representation
Electoral System proportional representation
Parties Composition
Likud 32Yesh Atid 24Religious Zionism 14National Unity 12Shas 11United Torah Judaism (Yahadut Hatorah) 7Yisrael Beiteinu 6Other 14

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Star of David or Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Symbolic Meaning history: the design resembles a traditional Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which is white with blue stripes; the hexagram as a Jewish symbol dates back to medieval times
National Symbol Star of David (Magen David), menorah (seven-branched lampstand)
National Colors blue, white
National Anthem Hatikvah (The Hope)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Israel dual citizenship recognized: yes, but naturalized citizens are not allowed to maintain dual citizenship residency requirement for naturalization: 3 out of the 5 years preceding the application for naturalization note: Israeli law (Law of Return, 5 July 1950) provides for the granting of citizenship to any Jew - defined as a person being born to a Jewish mother or having converted to Judaism while renouncing any other religion - who immigrates to and expresses a desire to settle in Israel on the basis of the Right of aliyah; the 1970 amendment of this act extended the right to family members including the spouse of a Jew, any child or grandchild, and the spouses of children and grandchildren

Constitution

history: no formal constitution; some functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws, and the Law of Return (as amended) amendment process: proposed by Government of Israel ministers or by the Knesset; passage requires a majority vote of Knesset members and subject to Supreme Court judicial review

Country name

conventional long form: State of Israel conventional short form: Israel local long form: Medinat Yisra'el local short form: Yisra'el former: Mandatory Palestine etymology: named after the ancient Kingdom of Israel; according to Biblical tradition, the Jewish patriarch Jacob received the name Israel (meaning "He who struggles with God") after he wrestled with an angel of the Lord

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2002

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the president, deputy president, 13 justices, and 2 registrars) and normally sits in panels of 3 justices; in special cases, the panel is expanded with an uneven number of justices judge selection and term of office: judges selected by the 9-member Judicial Selection Committee, consisting of the Minister of Justice (chair), the president of the Supreme Court, two other Supreme Court justices, 1 other Cabinet minister, 2 Knesset members, and 2 representatives of the Israel Bar Association; judges can serve up to mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: district and magistrate courts; national and regional labor courts; family and juvenile courts; special and Rabbinical courts

Legal system

mixed system of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religious laws

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 9 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Masada; Old City of Acre; White City of Tel-Aviv - the Modern Movement; Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba; Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev; Bahá’i Holy Places; Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel; Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin; Necropolis of Bet She’arim

Political parties

Balad Blue and White Hadash Labor Party or HaAvoda Likud Meretz National Unity (alliance includes Blue and White and New Hope) New Hope Noam Otzma Yehudit Religious Zionist Party Shas Ta'al United Arab List United Torah Judaism or UTJ (alliance includes Agudat Israel and Degel HaTorah) Yesh Atid Yisrael Beiteinu

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; 17 years of age for municipal elections

Economic Overview

high-income, technology- and industrial-based economy; economic contraction and fiscal deficits resulting from war in Gaza; labor force stabilizing following military reservist mobilization; high-tech industry remains resilient while construction and tourism among hardest-hit sectors

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$472.177 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $468.095 billion2022: $459.698 billion
Real GDP Growth
0.9% (2024 est.)
+0.9%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$47,300
2023: $47,5002022: $48,100

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 1.3%Industry: 17.3%Services: 72.5%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 1.3%
Industry 17.3%
Services 72.5%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Surplus
$12.81 billion
Total Exports
$153.248 billion (2024 est.)
Total Imports
$140.438 billion (2024 est.)
Exports (52%) Imports (48%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$26.38 billion
Revenues
$162.524 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures
$188.905 billion (2023 est.)
Revenues (46%) Expenditures (54%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

integrated circuitsdiamondsbroadcasting equipmentmedical instrumentsrefined petroleum

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

17.0%
12.0%
4.0%
Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

carsdiamondscrude petroleumbroadcasting equipmentgarments

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 4.71 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 3.2%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 6.1%

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 37.9
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 2% (2021 est.) Highest 10%: 26.6% (2021 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 13.3x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

milkchickenpotatoestomatoestangerinesbananaseggsavocadosbeefcarrots

Current account balance

$16.713 billion (2024 est.) $18.604 billion (2023 est.) $17.104 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exchange rates

new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 3.7 (2024 est.) 3.667 (2023 est.) 3.36 (2022 est.) 3.23 (2021 est.) 3.442 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

-4.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

high-technology products (including aviationcommunicationscomputer-aided design and manufacturesmedical electronicsfiber optics)wood and paper productspotash and phosphatesfoodbeveragesand tobaccocaustic sodacementpharmaceuticalsconstructionmetal productschemical productsplasticscut diamondstextilesfootwear

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.1% (2024 est.) 4.2% (2023 est.) 4.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

0.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$214.544 billion (2024 est.) $204.661 billion (2023 est.) $194.231 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

22.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 100%
Capacity 22.612 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 63.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports 6.93 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 3.51 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 89.5%
solar 9.4%
wind 1%
biomass and waste 0.1%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 219,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Proven Reserves 12.73 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural Gas
Production 24.186 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption 12.608 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports 11.505 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports 59.369 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Proven Reserves 176.018 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Coal
Consumption 5.297 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports 9 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports 4.887 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 112.437 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.il
Internet Usage 87%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 30 / 100
Total Subscriptions 2.76 million (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 177 / 100
Total Subscriptions 16.7 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

the Israel Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) has 3 channels, two in Hebrew and one in Arabic; multi-channel satellite and cable TV packages provide access to foreign channels; IBC broadcasts on 8 radio networks with multiple repeaters, and Israel Defense Forces Radio broadcasts over multiple stations; about 15 privately owned radio stations (2019)

Aviation

4X
Airports
40
As of 2025
Heliports
13
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
1,497 km
National Network Data from 2021

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 5
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
41 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 8%
8% of GDP (2024 est.) 5% of GDP (2023 est.) 4.5% of GDP (2022 est.) 5% of GDP (2021 est.) 5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

approximately 170,000 active-duty Defense Forces (130,000 Ground Forces; 10,000 Naval; 30,000 Air Force); more than 400,000 reserves (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Israel Defense Forces (IDF): Ground Forces, Israel Naval Force (IN, includes commandos), Israel Air Force (IAF, includes air defense) Ministry of National Security: Israeli Police (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the majority of the IDF's inventory is comprised of weapons that are domestically produced or imported from Europe and the US; the US has been the leading supplier of arms in recent years; Israel's defense industry can develop, produce, support, and sustain a wide variety of weapons systems for both domestic use and export, particularly armored vehicles, unmanned aerial systems, air defense, and guided missiles (2025)

Military - note

the IDF is responsible for external defense but also has some domestic security responsibilities; its primary operational focuses include the threat posed by Iran, instability in Syria, and terrorist organizations, including HAMAS, Hizballah, and Palestine Islamic Jihad; since its creation from armed Jewish militias during the First Arab-Israeli War in 1948-49, the IDF, particularly the Ground Force, has been guided by a requirement to rapidly mobilize and defend the country’s territory from numerically superior neighboring countries; the active-duty military is backed up by a large force of trained reserves--approximately 300-400,000 personnel--that can be mobilized rapidly Israel’s primary security partner is the US; consistent with a 10-year (2019-2028) Memorandum of Understanding, the US annually provides over $3 billion in military financing and cooperative military programs, such as missile defense; the US also provides Israel access to US-produced military weapons systems including advanced fighter aircraft; Israel has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; UNDOF consists of about 1,300 total personnel (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-28 years of age for voluntary military service; 18 months service for men, 12 months for women; 18-21 years of age for compulsory military service for men and women; Jews and Druze can be conscripted; Christians, Circassians, and Muslims may volunteer; conscript service obligation is up to 36 months for enlisted personnel (depending on sex, marital status, and military occupation); officers serve 48 months; Air Force pilots commit to 9 years of service (2024)

Space Agency

Israel Space Agency (ISA; established 1983 under the Ministry of Science and Technology; origins go back to the creation of a National Committee for Space Research, established 1960); Ministry of Defense Space Department (2025)

Program Overview

has an ambitious space program that is one of the most advanced in the region; designs, builds, operates, and launches communications, remote sensing (RS), and scientific satellites; designs, builds, and operates orbital satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs); researches and develops a range of other space-related capabilities, with a focus on lightweight and miniaturized technologies; has relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, the ESA, individual ESA member states (such as France, Germany, and Italy), India, Japan, Mexico, and the US; has a substantial commercial space sector, as well as state-owned enterprises (2025)

Program Milestones

1961 first sounding rocket launched
1988 first operational launch of small-lift satellite launch vehicle (SLV) (Shavit) placed first domestically produced technology-demonstrator satellite (Ofeq-1) in orbit
1995 launched first fully operational remote sensing satellite (Ofeq-3) on Shavit SLV
2007 unveiled Shavit-2 small-lift 3-stage SLV
2014 joined ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) project; domestically built lunar probe (Beresheet) launched by US (crashed on Moon’s surface)
2022 joined US Artemis Moon exploration project