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Syria

Middle East Countries
Syria - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Ancient City of Damascus, Ancient City of Palmyra, Ancient City of Aleppo and Citadel, Crac des Chevaliers, Ancient City of Bosra, Ugarit (Ras Shamra), Dead Cities (Ancient Villages of Northern Syria), National Museum of Damascus, Ebla (Tell Mardikh), Apamea, Saladin's Castle (Qal'at Salah El-Din), Norias of Hama, Maaloula, Azem Palace, Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, Mari (Tell Hariri)

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Ancient City of Damascus

The Oldest Continuously Inhabited City

02

Ancient City of Palmyra

The Bride of the Desert

03

Ancient City of Aleppo and Citadel

Crossroads of the Silk Road

04

Crac des Chevaliers

The Ultimate Crusader Fortress

05

Ancient City of Bosra

Roman Marvel of Black Basalt

06

Ugarit (Ras Shamra)

Birthplace of the First Alphabet

07

Dead Cities (Ancient Villages of Northern Syria)

Frozen Byzantine Landscapes

08

National Museum of Damascus

The Guardian of Syrian Antiquities

09

Ebla (Tell Mardikh)

The Lost Bronze Age Kingdom

10

Apamea

The Grand Colonnade of the Orontes

11

Saladin's Castle (Qal'at Salah El-Din)

The Impregnable Mountain Fortress

12

Norias of Hama

The Groaning Wheels of the Orontes

13

Maaloula

The Village Where Aramaic Lives

14

Azem Palace

Masterpiece of Damascene Architecture

15

Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque

A Masterpiece of Islamic Glazed Tilework

16

Mari (Tell Hariri)

The Flourishing Sumerian City of the Euphrates

The Eternal Loom: Syria as the Cradle of Civilizational Threads

To speak of Syria is to speak of the very architecture of human memory. Located at the pivot point of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, this land has never merely been a geographical territory, but rather a profound engine of innovation, belief, and culture. For millennia, the plains between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean have served as a crucible where the threads of Mesopotamian invention, Levantine mercantile spirit, and classical intellectual rigor have been woven into the tapestry of the modern world. It is a land of palimpsests, where every stone layer in a foundation speaks to a different empire, a different language, and a different stage in the evolution of humanity.

Understanding this nation requires shifting one's perspective from the modern borders on a map to the ancient cartography of human transit. Syria was the silent partner in the success of the great empires of the Fertile Crescent. Its strategic depth allowed for the birth of alphabets, the domestication of crops, and the rise of cities that served as the first true urban nodes in the global narrative. When you explore the history of Syria, you are not merely reading a chronicle of the past. You are engaging with a legacy of continuous civilization, where the rise of the Amorites, the grandeur of the Aramaeans, and the golden ages of regional prominence are archived in the very soil beneath one's feet.

The Architecture of Persistence

The soul of Syria is inextricably tied to its geography, a mosaic of harsh arid plateaus, fertile river valleys, and a Mediterranean coastline that beckons toward the horizon. The cities of Damascus and Aleppo stand as testament to the concept of the eternal city. Damascus, frequently cited as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on earth, acts as a living laboratory for urban resilience. Here, the narrow alleyways of the Old City are not just passages of stone but conduits of culture that have sustained human society through transitions of power and theology that would have dissolved lesser civilizations.

For students and researchers who wish to master the chronology of this vast timeline, our history puzzle serves as an essential mental exercise. By arranging the defining moments of this nation, from the Neolithic revolution of the northern plains to the height of the Umayyad Caliphate, one gains an intuitive grasp of how Syria bridged the divide between East and West. It is this unique position that allowed Syria to be the gateway for the Silk Road, ensuring that the scent of spice and the weight of silk—along with the exchange of scientific, philosophical, and religious ideas—traversed these roads with rhythmic consistency.

A Sensory Journey Through Time

Beyond the analytical study of dates and regimes, Syria demands to be experienced through a lens of aesthetic appreciation. The architectural heritage—spanning from the limestone "Dead Cities" of the Idlib region to the soaring colonnades of Palmyra—represents a unique synthesis of regional artisan traditions and Hellenistic influence. To truly grasp the scale and visual impact of these sites, we invite you to view our history cinematic showcase. This visual exploration provides an immersive window into the grand events that shaped the Levantine identity, set against a backdrop of the majestic geography that allowed these structures to survive for thousands of years.

For the traveler at heart, Syria offers a profound intimacy that few other nations can replicate. The physical landmarks tell stories of triumph, trade, and architectural ingenuity. To better familiarize yourself with the iconic locations that anchor this land in the consciousness of the modern global traveler, our POI cinematic showcase provides a breathtaking survey of these physical treasures. These sites act as witnesses, standing firmly against the erosion of time, marking the spots where human ambition first dreamt of legacy.

The Harmonious Diversity of the Levant

Syria's cultural identity is a vibrant mosaic, reflective of its historical status as a bridge between three continents. The demographic composition is a testament to waves of migration, trade, and exchange that have occurred over the last ten millennia. The people of Syria possess a tradition of hospitality that is rooted in the practical necessities of the caravan route, where the traveler was historically the messenger of news, the carrier of goods, and the vital link to the outside world. This cultural trait of welcoming is perhaps the most defining characteristic of the Syrian landscape, fostering a spirit of community that persists even as the region continues to transform.

As we examine the environmental and economic markers of the nation today, we see a people actively engaged in the stewardship of a challenging but fertile land. From the terraced olive groves that have been harvested since antiquity to the emerging sectors of energy and technology, Syria remains a nation of immense potential. By studying the geography that mandates cooperation and the history that demands resilience, we can appreciate Syria not just as a location on a map, but as a primary author of our shared global story. We encourage every student, educator, and traveler to view this land as a vital participant in the history of all nations, a place that continues to inspire inquiry and evoke wonder at the sheer longevity of the human spirit.

Location

Latitude
35° N
Longitude
38° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey

Map Reference
Middle East

Area

Total Area
187,437 sq km
Land (99%)
Land: 185,887 sq km
Water: 1,550 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk)
Mount Hermon (Jabal a-Shayk) 2,814 m
Lowest Point
Yarmuk River
Yarmuk River -66 m
Mean Elevation
514 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

193 km

Geography - note

the capital of Damascus is located at an oasis fed by the Barada River and is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are Israeli settlements and civilian land-use sites in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights (2017)

Irrigated land

9,820 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 2,363 km
Iraq 599 km
Israel 83 km
Jordan 379 km
Lebanon 403 km
Turkey 899 km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Euphrates (shared with Turkey [s], Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris (shared with Turkey, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm

Natural hazards

dust storms, sandstorms volcanism: Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border, have not erupted in centuries

Natural resources

petroleumphosphateschrome and manganese oresasphaltiron orerock saltmarblegypsumhydropower

Terrain

primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

Population & Growth

+1.60% Growth
24,261,882
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 50.2% (12,183,128) Female: 49.8% (12,078,754)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
33.0%
~8,006,421
15-64 years
62.8%
~15,236,462
65 years
4.2%
~1,018,999
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
24.5 years
Male
23.6 yrs
Female
24.7 yrs
Life Expectancy
74.8 years
Male
73.4 yrs
Female
76.4 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
21.26
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
3.97
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-1.03
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
2.64
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

0.13 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 58.1 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 51.2 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 6.9 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 14.5 (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Arab ~
50%
Alawite ~
15%
Kurd ~
10%
Levantine ~
10%
other ~ (includes Druze
15%

Gross reproduction rate

1.28 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

7.8%

7.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 14.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births female: 13.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Literacy

total population: 94.4% (2021 est.) male: 97.2% (2021 est.) female: 91.8% (2021 est.)

Major urban areas - population

2.585 million DAMASCUS (capital), 2.203 million Aleppo, 1.443 million Hims (Homs), 996,000 Hamah (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

20 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Nationality

noun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

27.8% (2016)

Physician density

1.52 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Population distribution

significant population density along the Mediterranean coast; larger concentrations found in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo (the country's largest city), and Hims (Homs); more than half of the population lives in the coastal plain, the province of Halab, and the Euphrates River valley note: the recent civil war has altered the population distribution

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
7,585,211 individuals
Refugees
0.2%
16,402
16,402 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
97.7%
7,408,809
7,408,809 (2024 est.)
Stateless Persons
2.1%
160,000
160,000 (2024 est.)

Religions

Muslim (; includes Sunni and Alawi
87%
and Shia
13%
Christian (includes Orthodox
10%
Druze
3%

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Key Environmental Issues
deforestation overgrazing soil erosion desertification depletion of water resources water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes inadequate potable water

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (74%)
Other (23%)
Arable: 24.0%
Crops: 5.7%
Pasture: 44.5%
Forest: 2.9%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
20.243 million
Coal (100%) Oil (0%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 25.3 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 519.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 16.802 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 1.475 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (9%) Ind (4%) Agri (88%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementDesertificationEndangered SpeciesHazardous WastesMarine Dumping-London ConventionNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlands

Urbanization

urban population: 57.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 5.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 4.5 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2.5% (2010 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Damascus
33.5° N, 36.3° E
Timezone UTC+3
Government Type
transitional presidential republic
Independence 1946-04-17
National Holiday 04-17

Executive Branch

Chief of State
Ahmad al-Shara'; former President Bashar al-ASAD was overthrown by Islamist rebels on 8 December 2024
Head of Government
Prime Minister Muhammad al-BASHIR (since 8 December 2024)
Last Election 26 May 2021
Next Election 2028
Cabinet Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name People's Assembly (Majlis Al-Chaab)
Seats & Term
210 (140 indirectly elected; 70 appointed) seats / 4 years
Women in Chamber
9.6% Representation
Electoral System plurality/majority

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black; three five-pointed red stars in a horizontal line, centered on the white band

Symbolic Meaning the design is the same as a previous Syrian national flag (in use 1932-58 and 1961-63), but it is still unclear if the elements will retain the same meanings; the bands formerly represented Syria’s past rulers: white (Umayyad Caliphate), black (Abbasid Caliphate), and green (Rashidun Caliphate); the first star represented Damascus, Aleppo, and Deir ez-Zor, the three administrative subdivisions in Syria in the 1930s; the second star stood for Jabal Druze (the Mountain of the Druze), and the third star for the Alawite Mountains
National Symbol northern bald ibis
National Colors red, white, black, green
National Anthem “Ħumāt ad-Diyār (Guardians of the Homeland)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah (Latakia), Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq (Damascus), Halab (Aleppo), Hamah, Hims (Homs), Idlib, Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside), Tartus

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Syria; if the father is unknown or stateless, the mother must be a citizen of Syria dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: Syria's 2012 constitution was rescinded by the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham-led government in January 2025; in March 2025, interim authorities announced a transitional constitution to remain in effect for up to five years

Country name

conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt) etymology: the source of the name is uncertain; the name appears as "Suri" in Babylonian cuneiform writings dating from about 4000 B.C.

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICC

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Cassation (organized into civil, criminal, religious, and military divisions, each with 3 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 7 members) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council (SJC), a judicial management body headed by the minister of justice with 7 members, including the national president; judge tenure NA; Supreme Constitutional Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the SJC; judges serve 4-year renewable terms subordinate courts: courts of first instance; magistrates' courts; religious and military courts; Economic Security Court; Counterterrorism Court

Legal system

mixed system of civil and Islamic (sharia) law (for family courts)

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 6 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient City of Damascus; Ancient City of Bosra; Site of Palmyra; Ancient City of Aleppo; Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din; Ancient Villages of Northern Syria

Political parties

legal parties/alliances: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Arab Socialist (Ba'ath) Party – Syrian Regional Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syrian Regional Branch, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party Arab Socialist Union of Syria or ASU Democratic Arab Socialist Union National Progressive Front or NPF Socialist Unionist Democratic Party Socialist Unionist Party Syrian Communist Party (two branches) Syrian Social Nationalist Party or SSNP Unionist Socialist Party major political organizations: Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD Kurdish National Council or KNC Syriac Union Party Syrian Democratic Council or SDC Syrian Democratic Party Syrian Opposition Coalition de facto governance entities: Democratic Autonomous Administration of Northeast Syria or DAANES Syrian Interim Government or SIG Syrian Salvation Government or SSG

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

low-income Middle Eastern economy; prior infrastructure and economy devastated by 11-year civil war; ongoing US sanctions; sporadic trans-migration during conflict; currently being supported by World Bank trust fund; ongoing hyperinflation

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$98.858 billion
Latest available estimate (2023)
2022: $100.066 billion2021: $99.338 billion
Real GDP Growth
-1.2% (2023 est.)
-1.2%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$4,200
2022: $4,5002021: $4,600

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 43.1%Industry: 12.0%Services: 44.9%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 43.1%
Industry 12.0%
Services 44.9%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Deficit
$5.19 billion
Total Exports
$1.609 billion (2022 est.)
Total Imports
$6.803 billion (2022 est.)
Exports (19%) Imports (81%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$2.05 billion
Revenues
$1.162 billion (2017 est.)
Expenditures
$3.211 billion (2017 est.)
Revenues (27%) Expenditures (73%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

olive oilphosphatesspice seedscottontomatoes

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

49.0%
11.0%
8.0%
7.0%
Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

tobaccoplasticswheat floursplastic productsseed oils

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 6.617 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 13%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 31.5%

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 26.6
0 (Perfect Equality) Low Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.) Highest 10%: 21.1% (2022 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 5.6x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

wheatbarleymilksheep milktomatoesolivespotatoesmaizeorangesgrapes

Debt - external

$4.573 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 2,505.747 (2022 est.) 1,256 (2021 est.) 877.945 (2020 est.) 436.5 (2019 est.) 436.5 (2018 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

-13.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

petroleumtextilesfood processingbeveragestobaccophosphate rock miningcementoil seeds crushingautomobile assembly

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

94.1% (2022 est.) 98.3% (2021 est.) 114.2% (2020 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

0% of GDP (2023 est.) 0% of GDP (2022 est.) 0% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 89%
Urban: 100% Rural: 75%
Capacity 9.636 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 15.522 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports 358.723 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 4.214 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 95.6%
hydroelectricity 3.8%
solar 0.5%
biomass and waste 0.2%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 65,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 102,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 2.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural Gas
Production 2.763 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption 2.763 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 240.693 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Coal
Consumption 15,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 15,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 13.569 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.sy
Internet Usage 35%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 7 / 100
Total Subscriptions 1.62 million (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 71 / 100
Total Subscriptions 17.6 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

state-run TV has 2 networks and 5 satellite channels; roughly two-thirds of homes have a satellite dish with access to foreign TV; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2018)

Aviation

YK
Airports
42
As of 2025
Heliports
13
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
2,052 km
National Network Data from 2014

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 3
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
24 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 6.5%
6.5% of GDP (2019 est.) 6.7% of GDP (2018 est.) 6.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 6.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 7.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

not available

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

the interim government authorities in Syria have established a Ministry of Defense and are attempting to unify the dozens of armed factions operating in Syria under a single, state-linked army; it has also established a Ministry of Interior to manage police and other security forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military forces of Syria are equipped with Russian and Soviet-era armaments (2025)

Military - note

as of September 2025, the government did not exercise control over all of Syria; areas of the northeast were under the control of ethnic Kurdish-led forces and areas south of the capital Damascus were controlled by members of the Druze religious minority; Turkish forces remained in parts of the north, while Israeli forces had moved into formerly demilitarized areas between Syria and Israel and into some Syrian territory near the frontier the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) has operated in the Golan between Israel and Syria since 1974 to monitor the ceasefire following the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and supervise the areas of separation between the two countries; UNDOF has about 1,300 personnel (2025)

Military service age and obligation

under Bashar al-ASAD, Syrian men aged 18-38 were required to serve 18-21 months in the military; conscription continued until ASAD's fall when the interim government announced that mandatory conscription to Syria’s armed forces would be abolished and only be reinstated in extreme cases, such as national emergencies relating to war (2025)

Space Agency

Syrian Space Agency (created in 2014); status is unclear since the fall of the ASAD Government (2025)

Program Overview

status unclear; has been handicapped by the impact of the civil war, including the loss of students and scientists who fled the country; had previously focused on satellite development and related space technologies, as well as scientific research; has relations with the space agency and space industries of Russia (2024)

Program Milestones

1987 first and only Syrian astronaut into space as part of a Soviet-crewed mission to the Mir Space Station under the Intercosmos program
2016 signed a scientific cooperation agreement in the field of space technology and remote sensing with Russia
2018 announced that developing a satellite would be a primary goal of the space program