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Indonesia

East & Southeast Asia • Countries
Indonesia - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, Sangiran Early Man Site, National Museum of Indonesia, Komodo National Park, Cultural Landscape of Bali Province, Keraton Yogyakarta, Ujung Kulon National Park, Mount Bromo, Tana Toraja, Lake Toba, Banda Islands, Tanjung Puting National Park, National Monument (Monas), Lorentz National Park, Kawah Ijen

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Borobudur Temple

The World's Largest Buddhist Temple

02

Prambanan Temple

Majestic Masterpiece of Hindu Architecture

03

Sangiran Early Man Site

The Cradle of Javanese Humanity

04

National Museum of Indonesia

The Elephant Building of Nusantara History

05

Komodo National Park

Home of the Prehistoric Dragon

06

Cultural Landscape of Bali Province

Philosophical Terraces of the Gods

07

Keraton Yogyakarta

The Living Palace of Javanese Royalty

08

Ujung Kulon National Park

Sanctuary of the Javan Rhino

09

Mount Bromo

The Smoldering Sacred Crater

10

Tana Toraja

Land of the Heavenly Kings and Elaborate Funerals

11

Lake Toba

The World's Largest Volcanic Lake

12

Banda Islands

The Original Spice Islands

13

Tanjung Puting National Park

The Great Orangutan Haven

14

National Monument (Monas)

The Flame of Indonesian Independence

15

Lorentz National Park

From Glaciers to Mangroves

16

Kawah Ijen

The Acidic Lake of Blue Fire

The Archipelago of a Thousand Horizons

Indonesia is not merely a country in the conventional sense. It is a staggering assertion of geography, a colossal mosaic of over 17,000 islands scattered across the equator like emeralds dropped onto a velvet blue sea. To speak of Indonesia is to speak of the very pulse of the Earth, where the Pacific and Indian Oceans meet, and where the tectonic instability of the Ring of Fire creates a landscape of sublime volatility and fertility. It is a nation defined by its liquid boundaries, a place where identity is shaped by the monsoon winds, the rhythm of the tides, and the volcanic soil that has fed its people for millennia. Here, the concept of a border is fluid, replaced by the profound interconnectedness of maritime corridors that have hosted the exchange of ideas, faiths, spices, and philosophies since the dawn of recorded time.

For the traveler, the scholar, and the dreamer, Indonesia offers a complexity that invites perpetual discovery. It is home to the world's largest Muslim population, yet its spiritual foundation is deeply woven with threads of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and ancient indigenous beliefs. To understand how such diversity persists in harmonious contradiction, one must begin with the land itself. You are encouraged to explore the comprehensive history of Indonesia, where you can study the evolution of its maritime kingdoms and the resilience of its cultural heritage, supported by curated historical imagery, primary source citations, and educational teacher guides designed to map the nation's journey through time.

The Great Crucible of the East

The Indonesian identity was forged in the heat of trade. Positioned as the pivot point of the legendary Spice Route, these islands acted as the magnetic pole for explorers from India, China, the Arab world, and eventually Europe. This unique position as a global cultural crossroads turned port cities into cosmopolitan hubs long before the term existed. It was a place where Sanskrit inscriptions melded with Javanese philosophy and where trade dialects gave rise to the common language, Bahasa Indonesia, which today serves as the unified voice of a nation comprised of hundreds of distinct ethnic groups.

If you wish to test your understanding of how this complex past has aligned over the centuries, consider participating in the interactive Indonesia history puzzle. This activity challenges you to arrange major milestones into their proper chronological order. It is an excellent resource for students to sharpen their analytical skills while earning digital badges, transforming historical study into an engaging narrative quest.

Volcanoes, Biodiversity, and the Rhythm of the Equator

Beyond its human tapestry, Indonesia represents one of the final frontiers of biological majesty. The archipelago is anchored by some of the most ecologically significant regions on the planet. From the dense, cloud-draped rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo to the subterranean wonders of the Coral Triangle, the biodiversity here is unparalleled. Volcanoes, such as the legendary Merapi and the transformative Krakatoa, remain the silent custodians of the land. They dictate the cycle of death and renewal, creating the nutrient-rich soils that sustain the terraced rice paddies—landscapes that function as both essential agricultural infrastructure and works of living art.

To grasp the sheer scale and aesthetic variety of these geographical marvels, you can view the Indonesia points of interest cinematic showcase. This carousel of visuals brings the misty temples of Borobudur, the majestic craters of East Java, and the azure isolation of Raja Ampat into vivid focus, allowing you to appreciate the visual geography that shapes daily life for the Indonesian people.

A Heritage in Motion

The Indonesian spirit is arguably best captured in the phrase "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika," meaning unity in diversity. It is a society that respects the sanctity of its regional origins while committing to a collective future. This balance is not static. It requires constant engagement with the lessons of the past. To witness the narrative of the Indonesian people as it has evolved from ancient maritime empires to the modern democratic state, we recommend visiting the Indonesia history cinematic showcase. This collection offers a compelling visual tour, utilizing historical illustrations to narrate the high points of the Indonesian experience, ensuring a clear understanding of the moments that defined a nation.

Indonesia invites the curious to look beyond the beaches. It is a nation that asks its visitors to contemplate the depth of a civilization that has existed in tandem with the sea and the volcano for generations. Whether you are navigating the labyrinthine waterways of the Kalimantan rivers or wandering the bustling urban centers of Jakarta and Surabaya, you are walking through a living document of human adaptability. As GeoGnos continues its journey across the atlas, Indonesia stands as a primary pillar of study—a reminder that when people, land, and time intersect in such unique ways, they create something truly extraordinary in the human experience.

Location

Latitude
-5° N
Longitude
120° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Map Reference
Southeast Asia

Area

Total Area
1,904,569 sq km
Land (95%)
Land: 1,811,569 sq km
Water: 93,000 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Puncak Jaya
Puncak Jaya 4,884 m
Lowest Point
Indian/Pacific Oceans
Indian/Pacific Oceans 0 m
Mean Elevation
367 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

54,716 km

Geography - note

note 1: 13,466 islands are in the archipelago, of which 922 are permanently inhabited; Indonesia is the world's largest country composed solely of islands; the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes, up to 90% of the world's earthquakes, and 80% of tsunamis note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Irrigated land

67,220 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 2,958 km

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World

Major rivers (by length in km)

Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm note: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

Natural hazards

occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world, with over 75 historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; in 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami that left more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources

petroleumtinnatural gasnickeltimberbauxitecopperfertile soilscoalgoldsilver

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Population & Growth

+0.70% Growth
283,587,097
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 50.0% (141,778,977) Female: 50.0% (141,808,120)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
23.8%
~67,493,729
15-64 years
68.3%
~193,689,987
65 years
8.0%
~22,686,968
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
31.8 years
Male
30.8 yrs
Female
32.3 yrs
Life Expectancy
73.6 years
Male
71.3 yrs
Female
76 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
14.55
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
6.82
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-0.7
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
1.93
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

15.9% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

70.3% (2022 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 46.1 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 34.1 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 12 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 8.3 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

1.3%

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.) 10.6% national budget (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Javanese
40.1%
Sundanese
15.5%
Malay
3.7%
Batak
3.6%
Madurese
3%
Betawi
2.9%
Minangkabau
2.7%
Buginese
2.7%
Bantenese
2%
Banjarese
1.7%
Balinese
1.7%
Acehnese
1.4%
Dayak
1.4%
Sasak
1.3%
Chinese
1.2%
other
15%

Gross reproduction rate

0.94 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

3.7%

3.7% of GDP (2021) 8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 16.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Literacy

total population: 96% (2020 est.) male: 97.4% (2020 est.) female: 94.6% (2020 est.)

Major urban areas - population

11.249 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.729 million Bekasi, 3.044 million Surabaya, 3.041 million Depok, 2.674 million Bandung, 2.514 million Tangerang (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

140 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.4 years (2017 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Nationality

noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.9% (2016)

People - note

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

Physician density

0.52 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population distribution

major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands, Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
110,128 individuals
Refugees
10.9%
11,964
11,964 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
86.7%
95,521
95,521 (2024 est.)
Stateless Persons
2.4%
2,643
2,643 (2024 est.)

Religions

Muslim
87.4%
Protestant
7.5%
Roman Catholic
3.1%
Hindu
1.7%
other
0.8%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 13 years (2023 est.) male: 13 years (2023 est.) female: 13 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 39% (2025 est.) male: 74.9% (2025 est.) female: 3.1% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Key Environmental Issues
large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog over-exploitation of marine resources air pollution from vehicle emissions waste disposal water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (29%)
Forest (51%)
Other (20%)
Arable: 9.4%
Crops: 13.9%
Pasture: 5.8%
Forest: 50.6%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
829.655 million
Coal (64%) Oil (27%) Gas (9%)
PM2.5 Exposure 18.4 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 3,621.7 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 2.019 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (11%) Ind (4%) Agri (85%)

Detailed Environmental Information

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 12 (2025) global geoparks and regional networks: Batur; Belitong; Ciletuh - Palabuhanratu; Gunung Sewu; Ijen; Kebumen; Maros Pangkep; Merangin Jambi; Meratus; Raja Ampat; Rinjani-Lombok; Toba Caldera (2025)

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionTropical Timber 2006Wetlands

Urbanization

urban population: 58.6% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 65.2 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.2% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Jakarta
-6.1667° N, 106.8167° E
Timezone UTC+7
Government Type
presidential republic
Independence 1945-08-17
National Holiday 08-17

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Head of Government
President PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (since 20 October 2024)
Last Election 14 February 2024
Next Election 2029
Cabinet Cabinet appointed by the president

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)
Seats & Term
580 (all directly elected) seats / 5 years
Women in Chamber
21.9% Representation
Electoral System proportional representation
Parties Composition
Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) 110Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) 102Great Indonesia Movement (Gerindra) 86National Democratic Party (NasDem) 69National Awakening Party (PKB) 68Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) 53National Mandate Party (PAN) 48Democratic Party (PD) 44

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white

Symbolic Meaning red stands for courage and white for purity
National Symbol garuda (mythical bird)
National Colors red, white
National Anthem Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

35 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Papua Barat Daya (Southwest Papua), Papua Pegunungan (Papua Highlands), Papua Selatan (South Papua), Papua Tengah (Central Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Constitution

history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959 amendment process: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts

Legal system

civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 10 (6 cultural, 4 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c); Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks (c)

Political parties

Democrat Party or PD Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P National Awakening Party or PKB National Democratic Party or NasDem National Mandate Party or PAN Prosperous Justice Party or PKS

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age

Economic Overview

one of the fastest growing economies and largest in Southeast Asia; upper middle-income country; human capital and competitiveness phase of its 20-year development plan; COVID-19 reversed poverty reduction trajectory; strengthening financial resilience

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$4.102 trillion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $3.906 trillion2022: $3.718 trillion
Real GDP Growth
5% (2024 est.)
+5%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$14,500
2023: $13,9002022: $13,300

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 12.6%Industry: 39.3%Services: 43.8%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 12.6%
Industry 39.3%
Services 43.8%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Surplus
$21.45 billion
Total Exports
$300.868 billion (2024 est.)
Total Imports
$279.419 billion (2024 est.)
Exports (52%) Imports (48%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$22.08 billion
Revenues
$182.658 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures
$204.739 billion (2023 est.)
Revenues (47%) Expenditures (53%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

coalpalm oiliron alloyslignitegarments

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

refined petroleumcrude petroleumplasticsvehicle parts/accessoriesintegrated circuits

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 143.144 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 3.3%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 13.1%
Population Below Poverty Line 9% (2024 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 34.9
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3.5% (2024 est.) Highest 10%: 28.8% (2024 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 8.2x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

oil palm fruitricesugarcanemaizecoconutscassavabananaseggschickenmangoes

Current account balance

-$8.47 billion (2024 est.) -$2.042 billion (2023 est.) $13.215 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$225.273 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 15,855.448 (2024 est.) 15,236.885 (2023 est.) 14,849.854 (2022 est.) 14,308.144 (2021 est.) 14,582.203 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

5.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

petroleum and natural gastextilesautomotiveelectrical appliancesapparelfootwearminingcementmedical instruments and applianceshandicraftschemical fertilizersplywoodrubberprocessed foodjewelryand tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.7% (2023 est.) 4.2% (2022 est.) 1.6% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Public debt

45.34% of GDP (2022 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Remittances

1.1% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.) 1% of GDP (2022 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$155.708 billion (2024 est.) $146.359 billion (2023 est.) $137.222 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

11.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 100%
Urban: 100% Rural: 98.2%
Capacity 70.826 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 356.135 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports 828.198 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 27.477 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 82%
biomass and waste 6.9%
hydroelectricity 6.4%
geothermal 4.4%
solar 0.2%
wind 0.1%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 865,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 1.645 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Natural Gas
Production 58.691 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption 38.378 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports 20.989 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports 727.056 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 1.408 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Coal
Production 783.453 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption 281.159 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports 519.23 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 16.935 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 35.055 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 37.39 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.id
Internet Usage 69%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 5 / 100
Total Subscriptions 13.5 million (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 123 / 100
Total Subscriptions 347 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

mix of about a dozen national TV networks, including 1 public broadcaster and the rest private; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; more than 700 radio stations, with over 650 privately operated (2019)

Aviation

PK
Airports
556
As of 2025
Heliports
53
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
8,159 km
National Network Data from 2014

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 123
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
11,422 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 0.8%
0.8% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

approximately 400,000 active Armed Forces, including about 300,000 Army (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat, TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut, TNI-AL; includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir or KorMar)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara, TNI-AU) Indonesian National Police (aka The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia or POLRI) Ministry of Transportation: Indonesia Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia, KPLP); Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs: Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia, Bakamla) (2025) note 1: the National Police are an independent organization reporting directly to the president of Indonesia note 2: the KPLP ensures the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone; the Bakamla conducts security and safety patrols in the territorial waters of Indonesia

Military deployments

250 (plus about 170 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of older and new weapons platforms from China, Russia, Europe, the US, and other countries; in recent years, major suppliers have included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a modernization program for more than a decade; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; it has jointly produced aircraft and naval vessels (2025)

Military - note

the military is responsible for external defense, combatting separatism, and responding to national emergencies and natural disasters; in certain conditions it may provide operational support to police, such as for counterterrorism operations, maintaining public order, and addressing communal conflicts key operational priorities include an insurgency on Papua and the security of Indonesia's vast maritime domain; the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, has been fighting a low-level insurgency in Papua since Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony in the 1960s; maritime issues include piracy, transnational crime, illegal fishing, and incursions by People's Republic of China (PRC) vessels; Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within the PRC's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; over the past decade, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on and around the strategically located Natuna Islands (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; upper age limits vary by military service, position, specialty; compulsory service authorized but not utilized (2025)

Space Agency

Indonesian Space Agency (INASA; formed 2022); National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN; established 2021); Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space (ORPA; formed 2021) (2025)

Program Overview

focuses largely on rocket development and satellite acquisition/operation; manufactures remote sensing (RS) satellites; has a sounding (research) rocket program to develop an orbital satellite launch vehicle (SLV); researching and developing a range of other space-related technologies related to satellite payloads, communications, RS, and astronomy; has relations with several foreign space agencies and industries, including those of France, Germany, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US; national space program includes building up the country's private space sector (2025)

Program Milestones

1964 launched first sounding rocket (Kartika)
1976 first communications satellite (Palapa A1) built and launched by US
2005 re-started sounding rocket program with goal of producing a satellite launch vehicle (SLV)
2007 first remote sensing (RS) satellite (LAPAN-A1) built by Germany and launched by India
2015 first domestically produced RS satellite (LAPAN-A2) launched by India
2023-2024 two communications satellites (SATRIA-1 and Merah Putih 2) to provide high-speed internet access across the Indonesian archipelago built by European company and launched by US