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Mongolia

East & Southeast Asia Countries
Mongolia - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape, Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain, Karakorum (Kharkhorin), Erdene Zuu Monastery, Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai, Gandan Tegchenling Monastery, National Museum of Mongolia, Bogd Khan Palace Museum, Amarbayasgalant Monastery, Choijin Lama Temple Museum, Flaming Cliffs (Bayan Zag), Chinggis Khaan Statue Complex, Ongiin Khiid (Ongi Monastery ruins), Zaisan Memorial, Khuvsgul Lake, Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape

Cradle of Nomadic Empires

02

Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain

Genghis Khan's Sacred Mountain

03

Karakorum (Kharkhorin)

Ancient Capital of the Mongol Empire

04

Erdene Zuu Monastery

Mongolia's Oldest Buddhist Monastery

05

Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai

Prehistoric Rock Art Masterpieces

06

Gandan Tegchenling Monastery

The Center of Mongolian Buddhism

07

National Museum of Mongolia

Comprehensive Chronicle of Mongolia

08

Bogd Khan Palace Museum

The Winter Palace of the Last Emperor

09

Amarbayasgalant Monastery

Monastery of Tranquil Felicity

10

Choijin Lama Temple Museum

Oasis of Traditional Architecture

11

Flaming Cliffs (Bayan Zag)

The World's Dinosaur Nursery

12

Chinggis Khaan Statue Complex

Colossal Equestrian Monument

13

Ongiin Khiid (Ongi Monastery ruins)

Evocative Ruins of the Gobi

14

Zaisan Memorial

Soviet-Era Hilltop Tribute

15

Khuvsgul Lake

The Blue Pearl of Mongolia

16

Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park

Home of the Singing Sands

The Eternal Blue Sky: Mongolia’s Endless Horizon

There is a silence in the Mongolian steppe that does not feel empty. It feels absolute. To stand amidst the vast, undulating grasslands that stretch toward the horizon is to understand why this land has been called the Land of the Eternal Blue Sky. Mongolia is not merely a country defined by its borders, but by an expansive geography that demands resilience, fosters deep spiritual connection, and rewards those who look past the surface of the arid plains and mountain peaks. For those who seek to understand the scale of human ambition and the endurance of tradition, a journey here is not just travel; it is an exploration of the foundational rhythm of life.

Geographically, Mongolia acts as a grand bridge between the Siberian forests to the north and the arid, shifting dunes of the Gobi Desert to the south. This "vertical" span creates a stunning diversity of ecosystems that have dictated the life patterns of its inhabitants for millennia. As you immerse yourself in the culture, it is essential to first explore the history of Mongolia to grasp how the harshness of this landscape transformed pastoral nomads into the architects of one of the largest continuous empires in the history of the world.

The Legacy of the Steppe

The history of Mongolia is often painted in broad strokes of conquest and movement, but it is deeply anchored in the seasonal migration of people and their livestock. The nomadic heritage of the Mongolian people is a sophisticated adaptation to an environment that offers little room for sedentary errors. While the stories of Genghis Khan resonate globally, the cultural identity of modern Mongolia is built upon a profound reverence for nature and a communal structure that survives to this day. Those who wish to engage deeply with the evolution of this nation can test their knowledge and sharpen their understanding by playing the interactive history puzzle to arrange major historical turning points in their correct chronological order.

It is in the quiet moments between the grand shifts of empires that the soul of Mongolia reveals itself. Whether it is the sound of the horsehead fiddle, the Morin Khuur, echoing in a ger, or the sight of golden eagles soaring over the Altai Mountains, the cultural texture of the land is rich and layered. If you desire a more visual and immersive experience of how these pivotal historical moments manifested in art and event, you should view our curated history cinematic showcase, which brings the legacy of the Silk Road crossroads and the legendary gatherings of the past to life.

A Landscape Shaped by Extremes

Mongolia’s geography is as much a character in its story as its people. It is a landlocked plateau with a continental climate that oscillates between the biting, crystalline cold of winter and the short, intense bloom of a verdant summer. This land has no sea to soften its mood, forcing the inhabitants to live in strict harmony with the solar cycle. When one looks at the sweeping topography, from the soaring peaks of the Khangai Mountains to the shimmering salt basins of the Great Lakes Depression, one gains a respect for the scale of this nation.

Travelers who prepare for their own expedition will find that the country holds wonders that defy conventional photography. To truly appreciate the breathtaking majesty of sites like the flaming cliffs of Bayanzag or the icy cascades of the Orkhon Valley, we encourage you to spend time with our POI cinematic showcase. These highlights serve as a map of the nation’s hidden natural treasures, illustrating why this country remains one of the final true wildernesses on the planet.

Living Tradition in a Modern World

The contemporary Mongolian experience is a fascinating intersection of heritage and the 21st century. While Ulaanbaatar pulses with the rapid growth of urban life, gleaming glass architecture, and an energetic youth culture, the countryside retains the ancient methods of nomadic animal husbandry. There is an unspoken agreement here that modern development must walk hand-in-hand with the preservation of the landscape. This equilibrium is maintained through a government and societal structure that continues to prioritize the sovereignty of its traditional practices while engaging actively with the global community through education, renewable energy initiatives, and sustainable tourism.

Education remains a cornerstone of the Mongolian spirit, with students across the nation drawing inspiration from the long line of scholars, poets, and leaders who defined the national consciousness. Whether you are a student uncovering the foundations of civilization or a traveler seeking a landscape that humbles the soul, Mongolia invites you to reconsider the relationship between humanity and the wild. As you navigate the resources within GeoGnos, remember that each detail about the climate, the demographics, or the economic output serves as a single thread in the much larger, intricate tapestry of this nation.

Welcome to Mongolia. From the peaks of the Tavan Bogd to the expansive basins of the south, may your path be wide, your blue sky eternal, and your journey filled with the profound wisdom that only this land can provide.

Location

Latitude
46° N
Longitude
105° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map Reference
Asia

Area

Total Area
1,564,116 sq km
Land (99%)
Land: 1,553,556 sq km
Water: 10,560 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak)
Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m
Lowest Point
Hoh Nuur
Hoh Nuur 560 m
Mean Elevation
1,528 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

796 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 8,082 km
China 4630 km
Russia 3452 km

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km; salt water lake(s): Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oilcoalcoppermolybdenumtungstenphosphatestinnickelzincfluorspargoldsilveriron

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Population & Growth

+1.10% Growth
3,543,677
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 48.9% (1,733,882) Female: 51.1% (1,809,795)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
25.7%
~910,725
15-64 years
68.4%
~2,423,875
65 years
5.9%
~209,077
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
28.8 years
Male
30.1 yrs
Female
32.8 yrs
Life Expectancy
71.9 years
Male
67.8 yrs
Female
76.3 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
18.01
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
5.35
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-1.83
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
2.6
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.9% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

60.2% (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 59.3 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 49.9 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 9.5 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 10.5 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

3.7%

3.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 13.8% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Khalkh
83.8%
Kazak
3.8%
Durvud
2.6%
Bayad
2%
Buriad
1.4%
Zakhchin
1.2%
Dariganga
1.1%
other
4.1%

Gross reproduction rate

1.27 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

6.9%

6.9% of GDP (2021) 9.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

10.6 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 22.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 16.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Mongolian
90%

Literacy

total population: 98.6% (2023 est.) male: 98.3% (2023 est.) female: 98.9% (2023 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

41 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.5 years (2008 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24

Nationality

noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.6% (2016)

Physician density

4.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population distribution

population sparsely distributed throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
65 individuals
Refugees
40.0%
26
26 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
33.8%
22
22 (2024 est.)
Stateless Persons
26.2%
17
17 (2024 est.)

Religions

Buddhist
51.8%
no religion
40.6%
Muslim
3.2%
Shaman
2.5%
Christian
1.3%
Other
0.6%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years (2023 est.) male: 13 years (2023 est.) female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 28.9% (2025 est.) male: 51.9% (2025 est.) female: 7.2% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Key Environmental Issues
limited natural freshwater resources in some areas air pollution from coal-burning power plants and lax regulations in Ulaanbaatar soil erosion from deforestation and overgrazing water pollution desertification effects from mining

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (69%)
Other (22%)
Arable: 0.7%
Crops: 0.0%
Pasture: 68.2%
Forest: 9.1%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
19.203 million
Coal (70%) Oil (30%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 41.3 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (10%) Ind (36%) Agri (54%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

Antarctic TreatyBiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesEnvironmental ModificationHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlandsWhaling

Urbanization

urban population: 69.1% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.9 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Ulaanbaatar
47.9167° N, 106.9167° E
Timezone UTC+8
Daylight Saving +1hr
Government Type
semi-presidential republic
Independence 1911-12-29
National Holiday 07-15

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)
Head of Government
Prime Minister Gombojavyn ZANDANSHATAR (since 13 June 2025)
Last Election 9 June 2021
Next Election 2027
Cabinet Cabinet directly appointed by the prime minister

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name State Great Hural (Ulsiin Ih Hural)
Seats & Term
126 (all directly elected) seats / 4 years
Women in Chamber
25.4% Representation
Electoral System mixed system
Parties Composition
Mongolian People's Party (MPP) 68Democratic Party (DP) 42HUN Party 8Other 8

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

three equal vertical bands of red (left side), blue, and red; centered on the left-side red band is the national emblem in yellow, the soyombo, which is an abstract representation of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol

Symbolic Meaning blue stands for the sky, and red for progress and prosperity
National Symbol Soyombo character (from the Soyombo writing system)
National Colors red, blue, yellow
National Anthem Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal (National Anthem of Mongolia)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992 amendment process: proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes

Country name

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic etymology: name comes from the Mongol people, whose name derives from the Mongol root word mengu or mongu, meaning "brave" or "unconquered;" the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president on recommendation of the General Council of Courts -- a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials -- to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term subordinate courts: aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 6 (4 cultural, 2 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

Political parties

Democratic Party or DP Mongolian People's Party or MPP National Coalition (consists of Mongolian Green Party or MGP and the Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP) National Labor Party or HUN Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$59.221 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $56.474 billion2022: $52.572 billion
Real GDP Growth
4.9% (2024 est.)
+4.9%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$16,800
2023: $16,2002022: $15,300

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 7.4%Industry: 38.1%Services: 44.2%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 7.4%
Industry 38.1%
Services 44.2%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Surplus
$1.96 billion
Total Exports
$15.501 billion (2023 est.)
Total Imports
$13.545 billion (2023 est.)
Exports (53%) Imports (47%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$902.00 million
Revenues
$4.721 billion (2021 est.)
Expenditures
$5.623 billion (2021 est.)
Revenues (46%) Expenditures (54%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

coalcopper oregoldiron orecrude petroleum

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

carstruckstrailerstractorsconstruction vehicles

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 1.449 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 5.5%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 13.8%
Population Below Poverty Line 27.1% (2022 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 31.4
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3.4% (2022 est.) Highest 10%: 24.6% (2022 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 7.2x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

milkwheatlambpotatoesbeefcarrotsgoat milkgoat meatbison milkhorse meat

Current account balance

$121.266 million (2023 est.) -$2.303 billion (2022 est.) -$2.108 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$8.379 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 3,389.982 (2024 est.) 3,465.737 (2023 est.) 3,140.678 (2022 est.) 2,849.289 (2021 est.) 2,813.29 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

6.5% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

construction and construction materialsmining (coalcoppermolybdenumfluorspartintungstengold)oilfood and beveragesprocessing of animal productscashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6.8% (2024 est.) 10.3% (2023 est.) 15.1% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Public debt

67.6% of GDP (2021 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Remittances

2.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.3% of GDP (2022 est.) 3.1% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$5.508 billion (2024 est.) $4.916 billion (2023 est.) $3.398 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

16.9% (of GDP) (2021 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 100%
Capacity 1.51 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 8.997 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports 24 million kWh (2023 est.)
Imports 2.224 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 1.113 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 90.4%
wind 6.4%
solar 2.4%
hydroelectricity 0.8%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 39,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Coal
Production 64.824 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption 8.941 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports 55.884 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 900 metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 2.52 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 67.132 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.mn
Internet Usage 83%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 15 / 100
Total Subscriptions 499,000 (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 141 / 100
Total Subscriptions 4.89 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

state-run radio and TV provider is now a public-service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

Aviation

JU
Airports
37
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
1,815 km
National Network Data from 2017

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
318 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 0.7%
0.7% of GDP (2024 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

information varies; estimated 10-20,000 active Mongolian Armed Forces (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Land Force, Air Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Construction-Engineering Forces (2025) note: the National Police Agency and the General Authority for Border Protection, which operate under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, are primarily responsible for internal security; they are assisted by the General Intelligence Agency under the prime minister

Military deployments

850 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2025) note: since 2002, Mongolia has deployed more than 20,000 peacekeepers and observers to UN operations in more than a dozen countries

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the MAF's inventory is comprised largely of Soviet-era and secondhand Russian equipment (2025)

Military - note

the Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for ensuring the country's independence, security, and territorial integrity, as well as supporting Mongolia's developmental goals and diplomacy; it has a range of missions, including counterterrorism, international peacekeeping duties, and assisting the internal security forces in providing emergency aid and disaster relief; Mongolia hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; it has no formal military alliances, but has defense ties and conducts training exercises with several regional countries and others, such as China, India, Russia, and the US Mongolia actively cooperates with NATO on issues such as counterterrorism, nonproliferation, and cybersecurity through an Individual Partnership and Cooperation Program; it supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led missions in Afghanistan from 2009-2021; Mongolia also is an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; initial service 24 months; compulsory service for men at 18; service obligation is 12 months in the military or police, which can be extended to 15 months under special circumstances; compulsory service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for up to 4 years (2025)