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Tunisia

Africa • Countries
Tunisia - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Carthage, Medina of Tunis, Amphitheatre of El Jem, Great Mosque of Kairouan, Dougga, Bardo National Museum, Djerba Island, Medina of Sousse, Kerkouane, Bulla Regia, Ribat of Monastir, Sidi Bou Said, Ksar Ouled Soltane, Matmata, Ichkeul National Park, Chott el Djerid

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Carthage

The Fallen Rival of Rome

02

Medina of Tunis

The Heart of Islamic Urban Planning

03

Amphitheatre of El Jem

The Great Colosseum of Africa

04

Great Mosque of Kairouan

The Holiest City of the Maghreb

05

Dougga

Africa's Best-Preserved Roman Town

06

Bardo National Museum

The World's Greatest Mosaic Collection

07

Djerba Island

The Island of Coexistence

08

Medina of Sousse

The Coastal Fortress City

09

Kerkouane

The Untouched Punic City

10

Bulla Regia

The Subterranean Roman Villas

11

Ribat of Monastir

The Majestic Islamic Fortress

12

Sidi Bou Said

The Blue and White Village

13

Ksar Ouled Soltane

The Towering Berber Granary

14

Matmata

The Troglodyte Underground World

15

Ichkeul National Park

The Great Avian Sanctuary

16

Chott el Djerid

The Great Saharan Salt Lake

The Bridge of Civilizations: Tunisia's Eternal Narrative

To stand upon the soil of Tunisia is to walk upon a layered manuscript where the ink of millennia remains perpetually wet. Nestled at the narrowest point of the Mediterranean, this North African jewel acts as both a gateway and a threshold. For the modern traveler and the serious student alike, Tunisia offers a singular realization: it is not merely a country that possesses a history, but a landscape that has authored the history of the Mediterranean itself. Here, the crystalline turquoise of the sea kisses the arid gold of the Sahara, and in the spaces between these two giants, some of the most significant cultural convergences in human annals have occurred.

The Tunisian identity is carved from the resilience of the Berber, the maritime ambition of the Phoenician, the administrative genius of the Roman, the scholarly pursuit of the Arab, and the aesthetic refinement of the Andalusian. This is not a static museum piece but a living, breathing synthesis. If you seek to grasp the magnitude of how this crossroads became the cradle of Mediterranean identity, you may begin your intellectual journey as you explore the history of Tunisia, a curated deep dive into the forces that shaped this North African anchor.

From Punic Power to Imperial Reach

The story of Tunisia is famously linked to Carthage. From the hills overlooking the Gulf of Tunis, the Punic empire once challenged the supremacy of Rome. While the stones of Carthage speak of great conflicts, the modern observer finds something more profound here: a sense of continuity. The landscape, with its sweeping plains and temperate mountain ranges, provided a stage for monumental developments that echoed far beyond North Africa. To understand how these events unfolded in their proper sequence, and to test your knowledge against the weight of time, we invite you to master our interactive history puzzle. It is a rewarding challenge that invites you to reconstruct the timeline of an empire that defined an era.

When studying these grand narratives, scholars often benefit from visual reinforcement. History is often perceived through texts, but the atmosphere of the past is best captured through sight and sound. We provide a bridge between the academic and the intuitive via our history cinematic showcase, which presents high-resolution illustrations of these defining historical milestones. It is designed to assist both the secondary student visualizing the rise of kingdoms and the traveler seeking to frame their visit with a richer contextual lens.

The Architecture of the Landscape

Tunisia possesses a geography that demands interaction. In the north, the Kroumirie Mountains capture the mist of the Mediterranean, clothing the earth in dense cork forests. As one journeys south, the land yields to the expansive chotts—vast salt lakes that reflect the heavens—before eventually surrendering to the Saharan dunes of the Grand Erg Oriental. This geographic diversity is not merely for display; it has dictated the settlement patterns, the architecture of the medinas, and the lifestyle of the resilient communities that have called this place home for thousands of years.

The architecture found throughout the country is a mirror to this diversity. From the iconic white and blue walls of Sidi Bou Said, which draw the eye toward the shimmering sea, to the underground troglodyte dwellings of Matmata, designed to defy the Saharan sun, Tunisia rewards the curious observer. To assist your exploration of these architectural marvels and the natural vistas that host them, browse our POI cinematic showcase. These visuals serve as a digital map for your imagination, highlighting the sites that represent the intersection of nature and human ingenuity.

A Cultural Convergence

Tunisia’s soul is perhaps best expressed through its hospitality and its dedication to education. It is a nation where the call to prayer drifts over Roman amphitheaters and where the tradition of mosaic artistry, perfected two millennia ago, continues in the hands of modern artisans. The interplay of cultures is visible in the local cuisine, a vibrant tapestry of couscous, harissa, and Mediterranean aromatics, and in the quiet intensity of its bustling souks. For the visitor, the Tunisian experience is an education in patience, beauty, and the profound depth of human achievement.

As you delve further into the pages of GeoGnos, we encourage you to view Tunisia not just as a location on a map, but as a vital laboratory of human coexistence. Whether you are analyzing the economy of the modern Maghreb, studying the shifting climate of the Sahara, or planning an itinerary to walk the ancient ruins of Dougga or El Jem, this site serves as your companion. We honor the diversity of Tunisia, celebrate its endurance, and facilitate your deeper understanding of a nation that remains a bridge between worlds.

Location

Latitude
34° N
Longitude
9° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Map Reference
Africa

Area

Total Area
163,610 sq km
Land (95%)
Land: 155,360 sq km
Water: 8,250 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Jebel ech Chambi
Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Lowest Point
Shatt al Gharsah
Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
Mean Elevation
246 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

1,148 km

Geography - note

strategic location in central Mediterranean

Irrigated land

3,920 sq km (2013)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 1,495 km
Algeria 1034 km
Libya 461 km

Major aquifers

North Western Sahara Aquifer System

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding; earthquakes; droughts

Natural resources

petroleumphosphatesiron oreleadzincsalt

Terrain

mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara

Population & Growth

+0.40% Growth
11,962,995
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 49.5% (5,926,741) Female: 50.5% (6,036,254)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
24.4%
~2,918,971
15-64 years
65.2%
~7,799,873
65 years
10.4%
~1,244,151
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
34.1 years
Male
33.6 yrs
Female
35.1 yrs
Life Expectancy
77.3 years
Male
75.7 yrs
Female
79.1 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
11.35
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
6.4
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-1.16
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
1.59
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

1.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.6% (2018 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

52.5% (2023 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 50.7 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 35.6 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 15.1 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 6.6 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

6.7%

6.7% of GDP (2023 est.) 17.3% national budget (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Arab
98%
European
1%
Jewish and other
1%

Gross reproduction rate

0.77 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

7%

7% of GDP (2021) 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

2.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 10.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Literacy

total population: 86.2% (2023 est.) male: 92.7% (2023 est.) female: 80.1% (2023 est.)

Major urban areas - population

2.475 million TUNIS (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

36 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Nationality

noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26.9% (2016)

Physician density

1.32 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Population distribution

the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated, as shown in this population distribution map

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
12,575 individuals
Refugees
100.0%
12,575
12,575 (2024 est.)

Religions

Muslim
99%
and Baha'i) <
1%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years (2016 est.) male: 14 years (2016 est.) female: 15 years (2016 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 19% (2025 est.) male: 37.6% (2025 est.) female: 1.4% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

Key Environmental Issues
toxic and hazardous waste disposal water pollution from raw sewage limited freshwater resources deforestation overgrazing soil erosion desertification

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (62%)
Other (33%)
Arable: 18.2%
Crops: 13.6%
Pasture: 30.6%
Forest: 4.5%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
24.645 million
Coal (99%) Oil (0%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 26.5 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 88 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 4.615 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 815.5 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (23%) Ind (2%) Agri (76%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesEnvironmental ModificationHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaMarine Dumping-London ConventionNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlands

Urbanization

urban population: 70.5% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.7 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 10.9% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Tunis
36.8° N, 10.1833° E
Timezone UTC+1
Government Type
parliamentary republic
Independence 1956-03-20
National Holiday 03-20

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Kais SAIED (since 23 October 2019)
Head of Government
Prime Minister Sarra ZAAFRANI Zenzri (since 21 March 2025)
Last Election 6 October 2024
Next Election 2029
Cabinet prime minister appointed by the president; cabinet members appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister

Legislative Branch

bicameral
Lower Chamber Assembly of People's Representatives (Majlis Nawwab ash-Sha'ab)
Seats 161 (all directly elected)
Term 5 years
% Women 15.8%
Upper Chamber National Council of Regions and Districts
Seats 77 (all indirectly elected)
Term 5 years
% Women 13%

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

red with a white disk in the center that displays a red crescent around a five-pointed red star

Symbolic Meaning red stands for martyrs' blood shed the fight against oppression, and white for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
National Symbol red crescent moon and five-pointed star in a white circle
National Colors red, white
National Anthem Humat Al Hima (Defenders of the Homeland)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest draft published by the president 30 June 2022, approved by referendum 25 July 2022, and adopted 27 July 2022 amendment process: proposed by the president of the republic or one third of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People membership; following Constitutional Court review, approval to proceed requires an absolute majority vote in the Assembly, and final passage requires a two-thirds Assembly majority vote; the president can opt to submit an amendment to a referendum, which requires an absolute majority of votes cast for passage

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia conventional short form: Tunisia local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah local short form: Tunis etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Tunis

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates; organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court (established in the 2014 and 2022 constitutions, but never implemented) subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts note: the Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the establishment of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but the court was never formed; the new constitution of July 2022 calls for the establishment of a constitutional court consisting of 9 members appointed by presidential decree; members to include former senior judges of other courts

Legal system

mixed system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; Supreme Court reviews some legislative acts in joint session

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 9 (8 cultural, 1 natural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Amphitheatre of El Jem (c); Archaeological Site of Carthage (c); Medina of Tunis (c); Ichkeul National Park (n); Punic Town of Kerkuane (c); Kairouan (c); Medina of Sousse (c); Dougga / Thugga (c); Djerba: Testimony to a settlement pattern in an island territory (c)

Political parties

Afek Tounes Al Badil Al-Tounisi (The Tunisian Alternative) Al-Amal Party Call for Tunisia Party (Nidaa Tounes) Current of Love (formerly the Popular Petition party) Democratic Current Democratic Patriots' Unified Party Dignity Coalition or Al Karama Coalition Ennahda Movement (The Renaissance) Ettakatol Party Free Destourian Party or PDL Green Tunisia Party Harakat Hak Heart of Tunisia (Qalb Tounes) July 25 Movement Labor and Achievement Party Long Live Tunisia (Tahya Tounes) Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS National Coalition Party National Salvation Front New Carthage Party Party of the Democratic Arab Vanguard People's Movement Republican Party (Al Joumhouri) The Movement Party (Hizb Harak) Third Republic Party Tunisian Ba'ath Movement Voice of the Republic Workers' Party note: President SAIED in 2022 issued a decree that forbids political parties' participation in legislative elections; although parties remain a facet of Tunisian political life, they have lost significant influence

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months

Economic Overview

lower middle-income North African economy; drafting reforms for foreign lenders; high unemployment, especially for youth and women; hit hard by COVID-19; high public sector wages; high public debt; protectionist austerity measures; key EU trade partner

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$156.086 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $154.006 billion2022: $153.945 billion
Real GDP Growth
1.4% (2024 est.)
+1.4%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$12,700
2023: $12,6002022: $12,700

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 9.3%Industry: 23.6%Services: 62.1%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 9.3%
Industry 23.6%
Services 62.1%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Deficit
$2.22 billion
Total Exports
$19.732 billion (2023 est.)
Total Imports
$21.953 billion (2023 est.)
Exports (47%) Imports (53%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$1.51 billion
Revenues
$10.866 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures
$12.375 billion (2019 est.)
Revenues (47%) Expenditures (53%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

22.0%
17.0%
4.0%
4.0%
Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

garmentsinsulated wireolive oilrefined petroleumcrude petroleum

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

13.0%
12.0%
10.0%
Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

refined petroleumnatural gasplastic productscarsplastics

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 4.247 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 16.3%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 40.1%
Population Below Poverty Line 16.6% (2021 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 33.7
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3.1% (2021 est.) Highest 10%: 27% (2021 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 8.7x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

milktomatoesolivesonionspepperswatermelonspotatoeswheatdatesoranges

Current account balance

-$1.111 billion (2023 est.) -$3.969 billion (2022 est.) -$2.77 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$21.212 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 3.107 (2024 est.) 3.106 (2023 est.) 3.104 (2022 est.) 2.794 (2021 est.) 2.812 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

-2.5% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

petroleummining (particularly phosphateiron ore)tourismtextilesfootwearagribusinessbeverages

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

7.2% (2024 est.) 9.3% (2023 est.) 8.3% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

6% of GDP (2023 est.) 6.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 6.3% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$9.344 billion (2024 est.) $9.24 billion (2023 est.) $8.094 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 100%
Urban: 100% Rural: 99.7%
Capacity 6.639 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 19.153 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports 80 million kWh (2023 est.)
Imports 2.576 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 4.629 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 96.1%
solar 2.3%
wind 1.6%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 35,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 104,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 425 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural Gas
Production 1.313 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption 5.131 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports 3.887 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 65.129 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Coal
Consumption 2,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports 28 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 3,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 33.754 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.tn
Internet Usage 72%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 14 / 100
Total Subscriptions 1.73 million (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 118 / 100
Total Subscriptions 14.4 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

2 state-owned TV stations; 10 private local TV stations; satellite TV service available; state-owned radio network with 2 stations; several dozen private radio stations and community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)

Aviation

TS
Airports
14
As of 2025
Heliports
11
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
2,173 km
National Network Data from 2014

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 16
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
72 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 2.5%
2.5% of GDP (2024 est.) 2.5% of GDP (2023 est.) 2.7% of GDP (2022 est.) 3% of GDP (2021 est.) 3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

approximately 35,000 active-duty Armed Forces (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Arm&eacute;es Tunisiennes, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Tunisia Air Force Ministry of Interior (MoI): Internal Security Forces (National Police, National Guard) (2025) note: the National Police has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, while the National Guard (gendarmerie) oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas

Military deployments

840 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Tunisian military's inventory consists mostly of older or secondhand equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Austria, France, Italy, T&uuml;rkiye, and the US (2025)

Military - note

the Tunisian Armed Forces (FAT) are responsible for territorial defense and internal security; operational areas of focus include counterterrorism and assisting with securing the border regions, particularly along the frontiers with Algerian and Libya the FAT conducts bilateral and multinational training exercises with a variety of countries, including Algeria and other North African and Middle Eastern countries, France, and the US, as well as NATO; it also participates in UN peacekeeping operations; Tunisia has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; men 20-35 years of age subject to 12 months of compulsory national service (2025) note: compulsory national service may be in the Armed Forces or other government ministries as needed