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Laos

East & Southeast Asia Countries
Laos - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Luang Prabang Old Town, Vat Phou, Plain of Jars, Pha That Luang, Wat Xieng Thong, Royal Palace Museum (Haw Kham), Viengxay Caves, Wat Si Saket, COPE Visitor Centre, Patuxai Victory Monument, Buddha Park (Xieng Khuan), Hin Nam No National Park, Tham Kong Lo (Kong Lor Cave), Siphandon (4000 Islands), Bolaven Plateau, Kuang Si Falls

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Luang Prabang Old Town

Ancient Royal Capital

02

Vat Phou

Ancient Khmer Mountain Temple

03

Plain of Jars

Megalithic Archaeological Landscape

04

Pha That Luang

The Great Sacred Stupa

05

Wat Xieng Thong

Temple of the Golden City

06

Royal Palace Museum (Haw Kham)

Former Royal Residence

07

Viengxay Caves

Hidden City of the Pathet Lao

08

Wat Si Saket

Vientiane's Oldest Temple

09

COPE Visitor Centre

Secret War Legacy Museum

10

Patuxai Victory Monument

Arch of Triumph of Vientiane

11

Buddha Park (Xieng Khuan)

Mystical Sculpture Park

12

Hin Nam No National Park

Vast Karst Wilderness

13

Tham Kong Lo (Kong Lor Cave)

Epic Subterranean River Cave

14

Siphandon (4000 Islands)

Mekong River Archipelago

15

Bolaven Plateau

Coffee Capital and Waterfalls

16

Kuang Si Falls

Turquoise Cascades

The Heart of the Golden Peninsula

To enter Laos is to step away from the relentless pulse of the modern world and into a rhythm dictated by the steady, amber flow of the Mekong River. As the only landlocked nation in Southeast Asia, Laos has often been described as the crossroads of the region, yet it is far more than a mere passage. It is a sanctuary of mist-veiled limestone karsts, dense tropical canopies, and a deeply entrenched spirituality that binds its diverse ethnic groups to the land. In Laos, geography is not just a backdrop. It is the architect of a culture defined by patience, reflection, and an unhurried grace that travelers find impossible to leave behind.

The soul of the country is inseparable from the river that bisects it. For centuries, the Mekong has acted as the lifeblood of Lao civilization, facilitating trade, nurturing rice paddies, and providing a meditative boundary against the shifting tides of larger neighbors. While the borders of the modern state are fixed by colonial legacy and geographic boundaries, the interior remains a world of deep green forests and steep highlands where traditions are held with a tenacity found nowhere else in the peninsula.

A Tapestry Woven Through Time

Understanding the narrative of this nation requires more than a casual glance at a map. The Lao people possess a resilience forged through dynastic shifts, foreign oversight, and the quiet preservation of their Buddhist heritage. To appreciate how this unique identity formed, one must explore the comprehensive history of Laos, which charts the evolution from the ancient kingdom of Lan Xang, the Land of a Million Elephants, to the vibrant society of the present day.

History here is not merely a record of dates, but a living tradition mirrored in the architecture of Luang Prabang and the silent mystery of the Plain of Jars. For students and history enthusiasts looking to sharpen their understanding of these pivotal moments, our interactive history chronology puzzle offers a dynamic way to master the sequence of these defining events. It serves as an essential companion for anyone seeking to engage deeply with the legacy of the Lao people.

If you find yourself captured by the sheer weight of these events, you may wish to immerse yourself in our history cinematic showcase, a collection of digital illustrations and narratives that bring the tales of kings, scholars, and colonial transitions into sharp, vivid relief. Each entry is curated to provide the context required for K12 learners and scholars alike, ensuring that the legacy of this nation is seen through the eyes of those who shaped it.

The Geographical Sanctuary

The terrain of Laos is dominated by a rugged, verticality that separates it from the flat plains of neighboring Thailand or the bustling coastlines of Vietnam. The Annamite Range, forming a jagged spine along the eastern border, protects the country’s inner valleys and fosters a microclimate of temperate highlands and humid, lush riverbanks. This environment has shielded many indigenous customs from external homogenization, allowing the Lao, Hmong, and Khmu communities to maintain distinct linguistic and cultural traditions.

This geographic isolation is precisely what makes the country a treasure for modern discovery. The lack of access to the open sea forced the Lao to develop a culture defined by inland connectivity, turning toward the mountains and the river rather than outward toward distant shores. The result is an atmosphere that invites contemplation. It is an invitation to witness, firsthand, how a nation defines its sovereignty through the preservation of natural beauty and human kindness.

Witnessing the Living Landscape

Travel in Laos is not a checklist of destinations but an immersion in landscapes. From the turquoise cascades of Kuang Si to the silent caves of Viengxay, the country offers visual beauty that feels suspended in time. We encourage all who plan to experience this nation to browse our points of interest cinematic showcase. This visual journey captures the majesty of the landscapes and the architectural wonders that define the Lao aesthetic, providing a detailed guide for prospective travelers and geography students.

The country represents a fascinating paradox. It is a nation of intense natural stillness, yet it is currently modernizing, integrating into regional economies through high-speed rail and improved connectivity. This bridge between the ancestral and the contemporary is where the future of Laos lies. By balancing its duty to preserve its serene interior with the demands of an interconnected world, Laos stands as a testament to the idea that true progress does not necessitate the abandonment of one's cultural core.

As you move through this site to explore the specialized sections regarding its economy, demographics, and environmental governance, keep in mind the singular spirit of this country. It is a place that rewards curiosity with warmth, and one that requires a gentle, respectful hand to truly uncover. Whether you are a student tracing the Mekong on a map or a traveler preparing to touch its waters, the story of Laos remains one of the world's most evocative narratives of geography and human resilience.

Location

Latitude
18° N
Longitude
105° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

Map Reference
Southeast Asia

Area

Total Area
236,800 sq km
Land (97%)
Land: 230,800 sq km
Water: 6,000 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Phu Bia
Phu Bia 2,817 m
Lowest Point
Mekong River
Mekong River 70 m
Mean Elevation
710 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Geography - note

landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand

Irrigated land

4,410 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 5,274 km
Burma 238 km
Cambodia 555 km
China 475 km
Thailand 1845 km
Vietnam 2161 km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Mènam Khong (Mekong) (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

floods, droughts

Natural resources

timberhydropowergypsumtingoldgemstones

Terrain

mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

Population & Growth

+1.20% Growth
8,052,913
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 49.9% (4,016,077) Female: 50.1% (4,036,836)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
30.1%
~2,423,927
15-64 years
65.0%
~5,234,393
65 years
4.8%
~386,540
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
25.8 years
Male
25 yrs
Female
25.7 yrs
Life Expectancy
69 years
Male
67.4 yrs
Female
70.7 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
19.22
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
6.07
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-0.93
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
2.19
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

8.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

24.3% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

61.6% (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 52.9 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 45.3 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 7.6 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 13.1 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

1.2%

1.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 8.2% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Lao
53.2%
Khmou
11%
Hmong
9.2%
Phouthay
3.4%
Tai
3.1%
Makong
2.5%
Katong
2.2%
Lue
2%
Akha
1.8%
other
11.6%

Gross reproduction rate

1.07 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

2.7%

2.7% of GDP (2021) 4.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 34.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 39.1 deaths/1,000 live births female: 31.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Literacy

total population: 75.6% (2023 est.) male: 85.1% (2023 est.) female: 66.7% (2023 est.)

Major urban areas - population

721,000 VIENTIANE (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

112 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Nationality

noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s) adjective: Lao or Laotian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

5.3% (2016)

Physician density

0.33 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population distribution

most densely populated area is in and around the capital city of Vientiane; large communities are primarily found along the Mekong River along the southwestern border; overall density is considered one of the lowest in Southeast Asia

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
1,274 individuals
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
100.0%
1,274
1,274 (2024 est.)

Religions

Buddhist
64.7%
Christian
1.7%
none
31.4%
other/not stated
2.1%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 9 years (2023 est.) male: 9 years (2023 est.) female: 9 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 24.1% (2025 est.) male: 41% (2025 est.) female: 7.2% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)

Key Environmental Issues
unexploded ordnance deforestation soil erosion loss of biodiversity water pollution limited access to potable water

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Forest (57%)
Other (33%)
Arable: 5.3%
Crops: 1.7%
Pasture: 2.9%
Forest: 56.8%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
23.412 million
Coal (84%) Oil (16%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 20.5 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 333.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 130 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (2%) Ind (2%) Agri (96%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesEnvironmental ModificationHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionWetlandsWhaling

Urbanization

urban population: 38.2% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 351,900 tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 15.1% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Vientiane
17.9667° N, 102.6° E
Timezone UTC+7
Government Type
communist party-led state
Independence 1949-07-19
National Holiday 12-02

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President THONGLOUN Sisoulith (since 22 March 2021)
Head of Government
Prime Minister SONEXAY (also spelled SONXAI) Siphandon
Last Election 22 March 2021
Next Election March 2026
Cabinet Council of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name National Assembly (Sapha Heng Xat)
Seats & Term
164 (all directly elected) seats / 5 years
Women in Chamber
22% Representation
Electoral System plurality/majority
Parties Composition
Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) 158Other 6

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double-width), and red, with a large white disk centered in the blue band

Symbolic Meaning red stands for the blood shed for liberation, and blue for the Mekong River and prosperity; the white disk represents the full moon over the Mekong River and the unity of the people under the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, as well as the country's bright future
National Symbol elephant
National Colors red, white, blue
National Anthem Pheng Xat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

17 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 prefecture* (kampheng nakhon); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxay, Champasak, Houaphanh, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphabang (Luang Prabang), Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun, Xekong, Xiangkhouang

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Laos dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: previous 1947 (pre-independence); latest promulgated 13-15 August 1991 amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the president of the republic

Country name

conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic conventional short form: Laos local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao local short form: Mueang Lao (unofficial) abbreviation: Lao PDR etymology: name means "Land of the Lao [people];" it derives from the name of the country's founder, Lao

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of the court president and organized into criminal, civil, administrative, commercial, family, and juvenile chambers, each with a vice president and several judges) judge selection and term of office: president of People's Supreme Court appointed by the National Assembly upon the recommendation of the president of the republic for a 5-year term; vice presidents of the People's Supreme Court appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the National Assembly; appointment of chamber judges NA; tenure of court vice presidents and chamber judges NA subordinate courts: appellate courts; provincial, municipal, district, and military courts

Legal system

civil law system similar in form to the French system

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 3 (all cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Town of Luangphrabang; Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements; Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang - Plain of Jars

Political parties

Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP note: other parties proscribed

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

lower middle-income, socialist Southeast Asian economy; one of the fastest growing economies; declining but still high poverty; natural resource rich; new anticorruption efforts; already high and growing public debt; service sector hit hard by COVID-19

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$66.905 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $64.173 billion2022: $61.856 billion
Real GDP Growth
4.3% (2024 est.)
+4.3%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$8,600
2023: $8,4002022: $8,200

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 16.8%Industry: 29.0%Services: 43.5%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 16.8%
Industry 29.0%
Services 43.5%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Surplus
$1.10 billion
Total Exports
$9.698 billion (2023 est.)
Total Imports
$8.596 billion (2023 est.)
Exports (53%) Imports (47%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Surplus
+$29.00 million
Revenues
$2.288 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures
$2.259 billion (2022 est.)
Revenues (50%) Expenditures (50%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

electricityfertilizersgoldgarmentspaper

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

refined petroleumcarsraw sugarplastic productstrucks

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 3.585 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 1.3%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 2.2%
Population Below Poverty Line 18.3% (2018 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 38.8
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3% (2018 est.) Highest 10%: 31.2% (2018 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 10.4x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

cassavaroot vegetablesricesugarcanevegetablesbananasmaizerubbercoffeewatermelons

Current account balance

$404.523 million (2023 est.) -$458.754 million (2022 est.) $431.636 million (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$9.619 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

kips (LAK) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 17,688.874 (2023 est.) 14,035.227 (2022 est.) 9,697.916 (2021 est.) 9,045.788 (2020 est.) 8,679.409 (2019 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

3.9% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

mining (coppertingoldgypsum)timberelectric poweragricultural processingrubberconstructiongarmentscementtourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

23.1% (2024 est.) 31.2% (2023 est.) 23% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

1.8% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.5% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$1.77 billion (2023 est.) $1.576 billion (2022 est.) $1.951 billion (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

12.1% (of GDP) (2022 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 100%
Capacity 12.738 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 12.803 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports 38 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports 955.095 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 2.447 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
hydroelectricity 76.5%
fossil fuels 23.3%
solar 0.2%
biomass and waste 0.1%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Consumption 25,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Coal
Production 16.629 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption 15.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports 1.065 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 22,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 62 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 34.463 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.la
Internet Usage 64%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 2 / 100
Total Subscriptions 183,000 (2022 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 65 / 100
Total Subscriptions 4.96 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast Media

6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane, with half state-operated and half commercial; 17 provincial stations, with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the state-operated stations in Vientiane; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible

Aviation

RDPL
Airports
20
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
422 km
National Network Data from 2023

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
1 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 0.2%
0.2% of GDP (2019 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2018 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2016 est.) 0.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

information limited and varied; estimated 30,000 active Armed Forces; estimated 100,000 Self-Defense Militia Forces (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF; aka Lao People's Army): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Lao People's Air Force (LPAF); Self-Defense Militia Forces (2025) note: the Ministry of Public Security maintains internal security and is responsible for law enforcement; it oversees local, traffic, immigration, and security police, village police auxiliaries, and other armed police units

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the LPAF is armed with Chinese, Russian, and Soviet-era equipment and weapons (2025)

Military - note

the LPAF’s primary missions are border and internal security, including counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and counter-narcotics operations, as well as protecting the regime; its defense partners include Cambodia, China, Russia, and Vietnam (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory military service for men 18-35 with a minimum 18-month service obligation (2025)