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South Sudan

Africa • Countries
South Sudan - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Fashoda (Kodok), John Garang Mausoleum, Gondokoro, King Gbudwe's Tomb, National Museum of South Sudan, St. Mary's Cathedral, Wau, The Sudd Wetland, Boma National Park, Nyokuron Cultural Center, Lake Yirol & Dinka Cattle Camps, All Saints Cathedral, Juba, Konyo Konyo Market, Bahr el Jebel (Mountain Nile), Bandingilo National Park, Nimule National Park, Mount Kinyeti (Imatong Mountains)

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Fashoda (Kodok)

Site of the Fashoda Incident

02

John Garang Mausoleum

Resting Place of the Founding Father

03

Gondokoro

Historic 19th-Century Trading Post

04

King Gbudwe's Tomb

Monument of Azande Resistance

05

National Museum of South Sudan

Repository of National Heritage

06

St. Mary's Cathedral, Wau

Architectural Marvel of Bahr el Ghazal

07

The Sudd Wetland

One of the World's Largest Wetlands

08

Boma National Park

Home to the Great Mammal Migration

09

Nyokuron Cultural Center

The Beating Heart of Juba's Arts

10

Lake Yirol & Dinka Cattle Camps

Epicenter of Traditional Pastoralism

11

All Saints Cathedral, Juba

Historic Episcopal Landmark

12

Konyo Konyo Market

Juba's Vibrant Commercial Hub

13

Bahr el Jebel (Mountain Nile)

The Lifeline of South Sudan

14

Bandingilo National Park

Crucial Migration Corridor

15

Nimule National Park

South Sudan's Most Accessible Park

16

Mount Kinyeti (Imatong Mountains)

The Highest Peak in South Sudan

The Sudd and the Soul of a Nascent Nation

To stand upon the soil of South Sudan is to witness a land defined by the rhythm of the water and the resilience of the spirit. It is the world’s youngest nation, yet its identity is etched into the very bedrock of the African continent. This is a country where the Great Nile, the eternal artery of civilization, pauses to weave a vast, shifting labyrinth known as the Sudd. Here, the landscape is not merely a setting for human history, but an active participant in its unfolding. The vast seasonal wetlands, the sweeping savanna grasslands, and the high-altitude forests of the Imatong Mountains create a mosaic of biodiversity that has sustained diverse ethnic communities for millennia. To understand South Sudan is to embrace a geography that demands adaptation, patience, and an enduring respect for the forces of nature.

For the traveler, the scholar, and the curious student, South Sudan represents an unfolding story. It is a place of profound complexity, where ancient traditions meet the aspirations of a modern state. Our journey into this heart of Africa begins by recognizing that the narrative of this land is not defined solely by its challenges, but by the extraordinary depth of its heritage. When we explore the history of South Sudan, we uncover a saga of migration, cross-cultural exchange, and the indomitable will of the Nilotic peoples who have flourished along the riverbanks for generations. This history is not a static list of dates, but a living experience that we encourage you to engage with through our interactive history puzzle, where the sequence of milestones tells a deeper tale of identity and endurance.

The Living Landscape of the Nile

The Nile serves as both the physical and spiritual anchor of South Sudan. From the southern border where the White Nile enters the plains, the river behaves like an organism. During the wet season, the Sudd acts as a massive sponge, regulating the flow of water and providing a vital sanctuary for migrating wildlife, including the majestic white-eared kob in one of the world's greatest wildlife spectacles. This environmental dynamism has profoundly influenced the societal structure of the Dinka, Nuer, Zande, and Bari peoples, among many others. The seasonal migrations of livestock and the communal management of water resources are foundational to the socio-economic identity of the country.

Those who wish to grasp the magnitude of these landscapes may engage with our POI cinematic showcase. Through this interactive tool, you can traverse the breathtaking topography from the floodplains of the north to the rugged heights of the southern border. Visualizing these landmarks provides essential context for understanding how geography dictated settlement patterns and economic development long before the arrival of modern infrastructures.

A Mosaic of Tradition and Modernity

Beyond the water and the savanna, South Sudan is home to a staggering richness of culture. With over 60 indigenous ethnic groups, the nation serves as a crucible of language, art, and custom. The cattle-based economies and the elaborate oral traditions passed down by community elders serve as the social glue of the nation. For educators and students, it is essential to view these cultures as the primary architects of the South Sudanese national identity. As we look toward the future, this cultural density acts as a profound asset, offering a diverse array of perspectives on environmental stewardship and sustainable development.

In our educational efforts, we aim to transform static textbook information into a dynamic appreciation for what has transpired within these borders. To assist with this immersive learning, our history cinematic showcase offers a unique way to witness the evolution of South Sudan through an engaging visual medium. By pairing high-quality illustrations with chronological summaries, we hope to honor the people who have contributed to the birth of this republic and the centuries of movement and growth that preceded it.

Reflecting on the Global Identity of South Sudan

Why does South Sudan matter in the global context of the 21st century? It matters because it is a laboratory of nation-building, environmental harmony, and human perseverance. It reminds us that statehood is a continuous process of reconciliation and building bridges across diverse backgrounds. By studying the climate cycles of the Sudd, the migratory patterns of pastoralist communities, and the legislative efforts of the contemporary government, we gain insights into the nature of governance in fragile but resource-rich ecosystems.

As GeoGnos continues its mission to catalog the unique essence of each nation, South Sudan stands out as a testament to the fact that identity is forged in the fire of shared history and the hope for a stable future. Whether you are conducting research in a classroom, planning an expedition into the heart of Africa, or simply looking to expand your world map, we invite you to use our tools to peel back the layers of this fascinating region. The narrative of South Sudan is still being written, and through our curated content, you are an active part of the global effort to honor and understand this singular corner of the world.

We believe that understanding the nuances of a nation requires more than a casual glance. It requires a willingness to dive into the stories of its people, the challenges of its environment, and the beauty of its landscapes. As we explore the chapters that follow, from its geography and economy to its diverse populations, let us hold in our minds the image of the Nile, ever-flowing and ever-changing, a reflection of the enduring potential of South Sudan itself.

Location

Latitude
8° N
Longitude
30° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

East-Central Africa; south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia

Map Reference
Africa

Area

Total Area
644,329 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Kinyeti
Kinyeti 3,187 m
Lowest Point
White Nile
White Nile 381 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Geography - note

landlocked; The Sudd is a vast swamp in the north central region of South Sudan, formed by the White Nile; its size is variable but can reach some 15% of the country's total area during the rainy season; it is one of the world's largest wetlands

Irrigated land

1,000 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 6,018 km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural resources

hydropowerfertile agricultural landgolddiamondspetroleumhardwoodslimestoneiron orecopperchromium orezinctungstenmicasilver

Terrain

plains in the north and center rise to southern highlands along the border with Uganda and Kenya; the White Nile, flowing north out of the uplands of Central Africa, is the major geographic feature of the country; The Sudd (a name derived from floating vegetation that hinders navigation) is a large swampy area of more than 100,000 sq km fed by the waters of the White Nile that dominates the center of the country

Population & Growth

+4.50% Growth
13,300,066
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 50.9% (6,765,722) Female: 49.1% (6,534,344)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
42.1%
~5,599,328
15-64 years
55.3%
~7,354,936
65 years
2.6%
~345,802
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
18.7 years
Male
18.7 yrs
Female
18.7 yrs
Life Expectancy
60.3 years
Male
58.4 yrs
Female
62.2 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
35.68
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
8.65
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
+18.2
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
4.98
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 81.1 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 76.3 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 4.8 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 20.8 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

1.6%

1.6% of GDP (2016 est.) 3.3% national budget (2015 est.)

Ethnic groups

Dinka approximately 35
40%
Nuer approximately
15%

Gross reproduction rate

2.43 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

5.9%

5.9% of GDP (2021) 2.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 58.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 65.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 54.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Major urban areas - population

459,000 JUBA (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

692 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Nationality

noun: South Sudanese (singular and plural) adjective: South Sudanese

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.6% (2014)

Physician density

0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population distribution

clusters found in urban areas, particularly in the western interior and around the White Nile, as shown in this population distribution map

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
1,895,266 individuals
Refugees
27.3%
517,471
517,471 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
71.7%
1,359,795
1,359,795 (2024 est.)
Stateless Persons
0.9%
18,000
18,000 (2024 est.)

Religions

Christian
60.5%
folk religion
32.9%
Muslim
6.2%
other <
1%
unaffiliated <
1%

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.22 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

hot with seasonal rainfall influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; rainfall heaviest in upland areas of the south and diminishes to the north

Key Environmental Issues
water pollution inadequate supplies of potable water wildlife conservation and loss of biodiversity deforestation soil erosion desertification drought

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (45%)
Other (44%)
Arable: 3.9%
Crops: 0.1%
Pasture: 40.8%
Forest: 11.3%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
1.725 million
Coal (0%) Oil (100%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 20.6 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 59.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 49.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 193 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (29%) Ind (34%) Agri (36%)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Paris AgreementDesertificationOzone Layer ProtectionWetlands

Urbanization

urban population: 21.2% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 4.12% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.681 million tons (2024 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Juba
4.85° N, 31.6167° E
Timezone UTC+2
Government Type
presidential republic
Independence 2011-07-09
National Holiday 07-09

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011)
Head of Government
President Salva KIIR Mayardit (since 9 July 2011)
Last Election 11-15 April 2010
Next Election scheduled for 2015 but has been postponed multiple times, currently to be held in December 2026
Cabinet National Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Transitional National Legislative Assembly

Legislative Branch

bicameral
Legislature Name Législature nationale (National Legislature)
Lower Chamber Transitional National Legislative Assembly (Al-Majlis Al-Tachirii)
Seats 550 (all appointed)
Term N/A
% Women 32.4%
Upper Chamber Council of States (Al-Watani)
Seats 100 (all appointed)
Term N/A
% Women 32.1%

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a five-pointed gold star is in the middle of a blue isosceles triangle based on the left side

Symbolic Meaning black stands for the people, red for the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green for the land, and blue for the Nile; the gold star represents the unity of the country's states
National Symbol African fish eagle
National Colors red, green, blue, yellow, black, white
National Anthem South Sudan Oyee! (South Sudan, Hooray!)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

10 states; Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Unity, Upper Nile, Warrap, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria note: in 2015, 28 new states were created, and 4 additional states in 2017; after the 2020 peace agreement, the country was again reorganized into the 10 original states, plus 2 administrative areas, Pibor and Ruweng, and 1 special administrative status area, Abyei (which is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of South Sudan dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: previous 2005 (pre-independence); latest signed 7 July 2011, effective 9 July 2011 (Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011) amendment process: proposed by the National Legislature or by the president of the republic; passage requires submission of the proposal to the Legislature at least one month prior to consideration, approval by at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of the Legislature, and assent of the president

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of South Sudan conventional short form: South Sudan etymology: self-descriptive name from the country's geographic position within Sudan prior to independence; the name Sudan derives from the Arabic balad-as-sudan, meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of South Sudan (consists of a chief justice, deputy chief justice, and 5 additional justices); the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for 9, rather than 5 additional justices judge selection and term of office: the 2011 Transitional Constitution of South Sudan calls for the establishment of a Judicial Service Council to recommend prospective justices to the president, and for the justices' tenures to be set by the National Legislature subordinate courts: national level - Courts of Appeal; High Courts; County Courts; state level - High Courts; County Courts; customary courts; other specialized courts and tribunals note: in mid-2022, the Government of South Sudan inaugurated an ad-hoc judiciary committee, a 12-member body led by two eminent jurists, that is charged with reviewing relevant laws, advising on judicial reform, and restructuring the judiciary

Political parties

Democratic Change or DC Democratic Forum or DF Labour Party or LPSS South Sudan Opposition Alliance or SSOA Sudan African National Union or SANU Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-In Opposition or SPLM-IO United Democratic Salvation Front or UDSF United South Sudan African Party or USSAP United South Sudan Party or USSP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

low-income, oil-based Sahelian economy; extreme poverty and food insecurity; COVID-19 and ongoing violence threaten socioeconomic potential; environmentally fragile; ongoing land and property rights issues; natural resource rich but lacks infrastructure

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$6.752 billion
Latest available estimate (2023)
2022: $6.585 billion2021: $6.945 billion
Real GDP Growth
-5.2% (2017 est.)
-5.2%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$400
2022: $4002021: $400

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 10.4%Industry: 33.1%Services: 56.6%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 10.4%
Industry 33.1%
Services 56.6%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Surplus
$56.00 million
Total Exports
$4.499 billion (2023 est.)
Total Imports
$4.443 billion (2023 est.)
Exports (50%) Imports (50%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Surplus
+$529.00 million
Revenues
$2.513 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures
$1.984 billion (2023 est.)
Revenues (56%) Expenditures (44%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

crude petroleumrefined petroleumforage cropsgoldscrap iron

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

33.0%
26.0%
14.0%
10.0%
3.0%
Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

garmentscementother foodsiron barscereal flours

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 5.091 million (2023 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 12.5%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 18.5%
Population Below Poverty Line 82.3% (2016 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 44
0 (Perfect Equality) High Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 1.8% (2016 est.) Highest 10%: 33% (2016 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 18.3x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

milkcassavasorghumgoat milkvegetablesfruitsgroundnutssesame seedsbeefmaize

Current account balance

$577.9 million (2023 est.) -$596.748 million (2022 est.) -$6.55 million (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exchange rates

South Sudanese pounds (SSP) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 2,163.104 (2024 est.) 930.331 (2023 est.) 534.511 (2022 est.) 306.355 (2021 est.) 165.907 (2020 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

-36.8% (2015 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

91.4% (2024 est.) 2.4% (2023 est.) -6.7% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

9.5% of GDP (2015 est.) 0% of GDP (2014 est.) 0% of GDP (2013 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$72.881 million (2023 est.) $94.914 million (2022 est.) $341.932 million (2021 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 8.4%
Urban: 15% Rural: 1.7%
Capacity 136,000 kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 566.034 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 23.966 million kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 93.2%
solar 6.8%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Production 146,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Consumption 11,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 3.75 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Coal
Imports 100 metric tons (2022 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 2.092 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.ss
Internet Usage 9%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 0 / 100
Total Subscriptions 0 (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 47 / 100
Total Subscriptions 5.35 million (2023 est.)

Broadcast Media

1 state-controlled TV channel and radio station; several community and commercial FM stations, mostly sponsored by outside aid donors; some foreign radio broadcasts available (2019)

Aviation

Z8
Airports
89
As of 2025
Heliports
2
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
248 km
National Network Data from 2018

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 2%
2% of GDP (2024 est.) 2% of GDP (2023 est.) 2% of GDP (2022 est.) 2% of GDP (2021 est.) 2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

information varies; estimated 150-200,000 active Defense Forces (2025) note: some active SSPDF personnel may be militia; the National/Necessary Unified Forces (NUF) were expected to have up to 80,000 personnel when training and integration is completed; the first batch of approximately 20,000 NUF personnel completed training in late 2022

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF): Land Forces (includes Presidential Guard), Air Forces, Marine (Riverine) Forces, Reserve Forces; National (or Necessary) Unified Forces (NUF) Ministry of Interior: South Sudan National Police Service (SSNPS) (2025) note 1: the NUF are being formed by retraining rebel and pro-government militia fighters into military, police, and other government security forces; the first operational NUF deployed in November 2023 note 2: numerous irregular forces operate in the country with official knowledge, including militias operated by the National Security Service (an internal security force under the Ministry of National Security) and proxy forces

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the SSPDF inventory is a mix of primarily of Soviet-era armaments alongside limited quantities of more modern equipment such as armored personnel carriers from UAE (2025) note: South Sudan has been under a UN arms embargo since 2018 (extended for 1 year in May 2025)

Military - note

the South Sudan People's Defense Forces (SSPDF) are largely focused on border and internal security; areas of concern include disputed national borders, conflict spillover from neighboring Sudan, banditry, and armed rebel groups and militias that continue to operate in the country since the civil war ended in 2020 the SSPDF, formerly the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), was founded as a guerrilla movement against the Sudanese Government in 1983 and participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005); the Juba Declaration that followed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 unified the SPLA and the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF), the second-largest rebel militia remaining from the civil war, under the SPLA name; in 2017, the SPLA was renamed the South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) and in September 2018 was renamed again as the SSPDF the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has operated in the country since 2011 with the objectives of consolidating peace and security and helping establish conditions for the successful economic and political development of South Sudan; UNMISS has about 18,000 personnel assigned; the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; its mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA has approximately 3,800 personnel assigned (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 (legal minimum age)-35 for voluntary military service for men and women; 12-24 months service (2025) note: the UN reports that there are thousands of child soldiers in South Sudan serving in the SSPDF and militia forces although the South Sudanese Government has pledged to end the practice