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Tanzania

Africa • Countries
Tanzania - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Olduvai Gorge, Stone Town of Zanzibar, Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara, Kondoa Rock-Art Sites, Bagamoyo Town and Kaole Ruins, Isimila Stone Age Site, National Museum and House of Culture, Prison Island (Changuu), Village Museum (Makumbusho), The Cultural Heritage Centre, Ngorongoro Crater, Mount Kilimanjaro, Serengeti National Park, Ol Doinyo Lengai, Ujiji and Lake Tanganyika, Mahale Mountains National Park

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Olduvai Gorge

The Cradle of Mankind

02

Stone Town of Zanzibar

Zanzibar's Historic Heart

03

Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara

Ancient Swahili Trading Empire

04

Kondoa Rock-Art Sites

Millennia of Rock Art

05

Bagamoyo Town and Kaole Ruins

Gateway of the Slave Trade

06

Isimila Stone Age Site

Stone Age Tools and Sandstone Pillars

07

National Museum and House of Culture

Keeper of Tanzania's Heritage

08

Prison Island (Changuu)

Quarantine Station turned Tortoise Haven

09

Village Museum (Makumbusho)

Traditional Dwellings of Tanzania

10

The Cultural Heritage Centre

A Tribute to African Art

11

Ngorongoro Crater

Eden of Africa

12

Mount Kilimanjaro

The Roof of Africa

13

Serengeti National Park

The Great Migration

14

Ol Doinyo Lengai

Mountain of God

15

Ujiji and Lake Tanganyika

Livingstone's Famous Meeting Place

16

Mahale Mountains National Park

Chimpanzee Trekking in the Wild

The Cradle of Earth and the Swahili Heartbeat

To stand upon the soil of Tanzania is to stand at a profound intersection of time and space. It is a land where the human story finds its most ancient echoes and where the pulse of the African continent beats with rhythmic, untamed vitality. Spanning from the shimmering turquoise horizons of the Indian Ocean to the jagged, volcanic heights of the Great Rift Valley, Tanzania serves as a grand theater for the natural world. It is not merely a country; it is an experience of extremes, where the golden plains of the Serengeti collide with the mystical, spice-scented alleyways of Zanzibar, and where the eternal snows of Kilimanjaro look down upon a landscape that has nourished humanity for millions of years.

Tanzania’s identity is forged in the forge of the Great Rift Valley, a colossal geological tear that has shaped not only the contours of the land but the very evolution of our species. To understand how these physical forces directed the flow of civilizations, it is helpful to explore the history of Tanzania, where centuries of trade, migration, and cultural blending have created a tapestry as complex as the geography itself. From the influence of the Oman Sultans to the remnants of German and British colonial architecture, the nation is a living museum of human perseverance.

A Crossroad of Cultures and Landscapes

While the internal highlands offer a temperate climate conducive to agriculture and wildlife, the coastline serves as a window to the world. For over a millennium, the Swahili Coast has functioned as a vital maritime gateway, linking the interior of Africa to the markets of Arabia, India, and China. This unique blend of Bantu heritage and Islamic influence has birthed a culture of hospitality known as karibu, a word that permeates every encounter in this nation. It is a culture built on the philosophy of Ujamaa, emphasizing unity and community, which remains the foundational pillar of the Tanzanian social fabric.

For those looking to engage with this past in a more dynamic way, you may find that our history puzzle provides an excellent challenge. By arranging pivotal historical markers in their correct chronological order, students and history enthusiasts can test their knowledge while uncovering the nuanced sequence of events that brought Tanzania into the modern era. Those who prefer a more sensory engagement with the past will appreciate the history cinematic showcase, which weaves together archival illustrations and vivid summaries to bring long-lost eras to life in a series of immersive, high-definition snapshots.

The Majestic Beauty of the Tanzanian Wilderness

Geographically, Tanzania is perhaps best defined by its dramatic scale. It houses the three great lakes of the African continent: Victoria to the north, Tanganyika to the west, and Nyasa to the south. Each lake possesses its own distinct ecosystem and socioeconomic rhythm, serving as the lifeblood for millions of citizens. Between these watery giants lie the sprawling savanna ecosystems of the Selous and the Serengeti, where the cycle of the Great Migration continues uninterrupted by the passage of modern time.

It is in these untamed places that the true magnitude of Tanzania’s ecological value is found. To truly appreciate the diverse splendor of the nation’s natural monuments and architectural marvels, we invite you to view our POI cinematic showcase. This visual journey traverses the snow-capped peak of Kilimanjaro, the archaeological marvels of Olduvai Gorge, and the historic Stone Town of Zanzibar, providing a comprehensive look at the wonders that make this nation a crown jewel of East Africa.

Tanzania in the Global Imagination

Today, Tanzania stands as a stable and optimistic force within East Africa, balancing the preservation of its vast natural resources with the developmental needs of a burgeoning, youthful population. Its approach to nationhood—characterized by peace, diplomatic engagement, and an enduring respect for ethnic diversity—serves as a model for many. Whether it is the rhythmic beat of Bongo Flava music echoing through the streets of Dar es Salaam, or the silent, breathtaking patience of a lion stalking across the Ngorongoro Crater, the country captures the imagination of every visitor.

As you explore our atlas entries, keep in mind that Tanzania is not a static object of study. It is an evolving, breathing narrative. It invites students to contemplate the origins of their own species at Olduvai, encourages travelers to lose themselves in the fragrance of clove and vanilla in Zanzibar, and asks us all to recognize the necessity of protecting the planet's most delicate and beautiful ecosystems. We hope the following sections regarding governance, economic vitality, and environmental statistics provide a firm foundation for your understanding of this incredible nation, allowing you to appreciate both the grandeur of its landscapes and the strength of its spirit.

Location

Latitude
-6° N
Longitude
35° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Map Reference
Africa

Area

Total Area
947,300 sq km
Land (94%)
Land: 885,800 sq km
Water: 61,500 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa)
Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa) 5,895 m
Lowest Point
Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean 0 m
Mean Elevation
1,018 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

1,424 km

Geography - note

Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya in Kenya and the Ruwenzori Mountains on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second-deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest

Irrigated land

1,840 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

Total boundary: 4,161 km
Burundi 589 km
Kenya 775 km
Malawi 512 km
Mozambique 840 km
Rwanda 222 km
Uganda 391 km
Zambia 353 km

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Uganda and Kenya) - 62,940 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Zambia) - 32,000 sq km; Lake Malawi (shared with Mozambique and Malawi) - 22,490 salt water lake(s): Lake Rukwa - 5,760 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km) Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought volcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

Natural resources

hydropowertinphosphatesiron orecoaldiamondsgemstones (including tanzanitefound only in Tanzaniagoldnatural gasnickel

Terrain

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Population & Growth

+2.90% Growth
69,145,464
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 50.0% (34,597,449) Female: 50.0% (34,548,015)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
41.2%
~28,487,931
15-64 years
55.4%
~38,306,587
65 years
3.4%
~2,350,946
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
18.8 years
Male
18.8 yrs
Female
19.4 yrs
Life Expectancy
70.8 years
Male
69 yrs
Female
72.6 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
33.45
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
4.96
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
0
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
4.45
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

7.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

11.4% (2022 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

59.2% (2022 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 81.8 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 76 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 5.8 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 17.3 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

3.2%

3.2% of GDP (2024 est.) 13.4% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

mainland - African
99%
other (consisting of Asian
1%

Gross reproduction rate

2.19 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

3.4%

3.4% of GDP (2021) 5.1% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births female: 26.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Literacy

total population: 78.2% (2022 est.) male: 84.2% (2022 est.) female: 73.1% (2022 est.)

Major urban areas - population

262,000 Dodoma (legislative capital) (2018), 7.776 million DAR ES SALAAM (administrative capital), 1.311 million Mwanza, 800,000 Zanzibar (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

276 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

19.9 years (2022 est.) note: data represents median age at first birth among women 15-49

Nationality

noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

8.4% (2016)

Physician density

0.13 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population distribution

the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast, as shown in this population distribution map

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
293,240 individuals
Refugees
74.4%
218,123
218,123 (2024 est.)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
25.6%
75,117
75,117 (2024 est.)

Religions

Christian
63.1%
Muslim
34.1%
folk religion
1.1%
Buddhist <
1%
Hindu <
1%
Jewish <
1%
other <
1%
unspecified
1.6%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 9 years (2021 est.) male: 9 years (2021 est.) female: 9 years (2021 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 6.5% (2025 est.) male: 11.3% (2025 est.) female: 2% (2025 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Key Environmental Issues
water pollution improper management of liquid waste indoor air pollution from burning wood or charcoal for cooking and heating soil degradation deforestation desertification coral reef destruction illegal hunting and animal trade, especially ivory loss of biodiversity solid waste disposal

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (45%)
Forest (50%)
Arable: 15.2%
Crops: 2.3%
Pasture: 27.1%
Forest: 50.1%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
17.707 million
Coal (10%) Oil (68%) Gas (22%)
PM2.5 Exposure 14.5 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+
Methane Emissions
energy: 568.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 96.27 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Annual Water Withdrawal
municipal: 527 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Municipal (10%) Ind (0%) Agri (89%)

Detailed Environmental Information

Geoparks

total global geoparks and regional networks: 1 global geoparks and regional networks: Ngorongoro Lengai (2023)

International environmental agreements

BiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaMarine Dumping-London ConventionNuclear Test BanOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlandsWhaling

Urbanization

urban population: 37.4% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 9.277 million tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 12.3% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Dodoma
-6.8° N, 39.2833° E
Timezone UTC+3
Government Type
presidential republic
Independence 1964-04-26
National Holiday 04-26

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021)
Head of Government
President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021)
Last Election 29 October 2025
Next Election October 2030
Cabinet Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name National Assembly (Bunge)
Seats & Term
403 (272 directly elected; 120 indirectly elected; 10 appointed; 1 other) seats / 5 years
Women in Chamber
39.5% Representation
Electoral System plurality/majority
Parties Composition
Revolutionary Party of Tanzania (CCM) 383ACT-Wazalendo 2

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band, from the lower left corner to the upper right corner; the upper triangle (left side) is green, and the lower is blue

Symbolic Meaning colors come from the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green stands for natural vegetation, gold for rich mineral deposits, black for the Swahili people, and blue for lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean
National Symbol Uhuru (freedom) torch, giraffe
National Colors green, yellow, blue, black
National Anthem Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

31 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Kaskazini Pemba (Pemba North), Kaskazini Unguja (Zanzibar North), Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Kusini Pemba (Pemba South), Kusini Unguja (Zanzibar Central/South), Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Mjini Magharibi (Zanzibar Urban/West), Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pwani (Coast), Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Songwe, Tabora, Tanga

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tanzania; if a child is born abroad, the father must be a citizen of Tanzania dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

history: several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977 amendment process: proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required

Country name

conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania conventional short form: Tanzania local long form: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania local short form: Tanzania former: German East Africa, Trust Territory of Tanganyika, Republic of Tanganyika, People's Republic of Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar etymology: the country's name is a combination of the first letters of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states that merged to form Tanzania in 1964

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania (consists of the chief justice and 14 justices); High Court of the United Republic for Mainland Tanzania (consists of the principal judge and 30 judges organized into commercial, land, and labor courts); High Court of Zanzibar (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices) judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high-level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 60, but terms can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65 subordinate courts: Resident Magistrates Courts; Kadhi courts (for Islamic family matters); district and primary courts

Legal system

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 7 (3 cultural, 3 natural, 1 mixed) selected World Heritage Site locales: Ngorongoro Conservation Area (m); Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara (c); Serengeti National Park (n); Selous Game Reserve (n); Kilimanjaro National Park (n); Stone Town of Zanzibar (c); Kondoa Rock-Art Sites (c)

Political parties

Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT-Wazalendo Civic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUF Party of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or CHADEMA Revolutionary Party of Tanzania (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

emerging lower middle-income East African economy; resource-rich and growing tourism; strong post-pandemic recovery from hospitality, electricity, mining, and transit sectors; declining poverty; stable inflation; gender-based violence economic and labor force disruptions

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$246.706 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $233.786 billion2022: $222.506 billion
Real GDP Growth
5.5% (2024 est.)
+5.5%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$3,700
2023: $3,6002022: $3,500

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 23.4%Industry: 28.7%Services: 28.4%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 23.4%
Industry 28.7%
Services 28.4%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Deficit
$2.08 billion
Total Exports
$13.98 billion (2023 est.)
Total Imports
$16.059 billion (2023 est.)
Exports (47%) Imports (53%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Deficit
-$1.87 billion
Revenues
$11.716 billion (2024 est.)
Expenditures
$13.583 billion (2024 est.)
Revenues (46%) Expenditures (54%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

15.0%
14.0%
12.0%
6.0%
Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

goldrefined petroleumdried legumesrefined coppercoal

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

refined petroleumplasticsgarmentsfertilizerswheat

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 32.983 million (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 2.6%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 3.3%
Population Below Poverty Line 26.4% (2018 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 40.5
0 (Perfect Equality) High Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 2.9% (2018 est.) Highest 10%: 33.1% (2018 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 11.4x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

maizecassavasweet potatoesbananasmilksugarcanericevegetablesbeanssunflower seeds

Current account balance

-$2.958 billion (2023 est.) -$5.482 billion (2022 est.) -$2.374 billion (2021 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$17.513 billion (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 2,597.9 (2024 est.) 2,383.043 (2023 est.) 2,303.034 (2022 est.) 2,297.764 (2021 est.) 2,294.146 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

5.2% (2024 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

agricultural processing (sugarbeercigarettessisal twine)mining (diamondsgoldand iron)saltsoda ashcementoil refiningshoesapparelwood productsfertilizer

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.1% (2024 est.) 3.8% (2023 est.) 4.4% (2022 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Remittances

1% of GDP (2023 est.) 0.9% of GDP (2022 est.) 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$5.05 billion (2018 est.) $5.888 billion (2017 est.) $4.351 billion (2016 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

11.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 45.8%
Urban: 74.7% Rural: 36%
Capacity 1.818 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 9.109 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports 157.688 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 2.039 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 74.5%
hydroelectricity 24.6%
biomass and waste 0.7%
solar 0.3%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Consumption 85,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Natural Gas
Production 2.016 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption 2.016 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 6.513 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Coal
Production 2.341 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption 740,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports 1.602 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports 21 metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven Reserves 1.41 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 4.091 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.tz
Internet Usage 29%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 2 / 100
Total Subscriptions 1.66 million (2023 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 127 / 100
Total Subscriptions 86.8 million (2024 est.)

Broadcast Media

about 45 TV stations, with 13 national that broadcast free-to-air TV; 196 radio stations, most operating at the district level, but also including 5 independent national stations and 1 state-owned national radio station; international broadcasts widely available through satellite TV; 3 major satellite TV providers (2020)

Aviation

5H
Airports
206
As of 2025

Railways

Total Track Length
4,097 km
National Network Data from 2022

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 8
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
381 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Military Expenditures

GDP Allocation 1.3%
1.3% of GDP (2024 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2023 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.) 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Active Duty Strengths

approximately 25,000 active Defense Forces (2025)

Refers to active military personnel.

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF or Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, Nation Building Army (Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa, JKT), Reserve Forces Ministry of Home Affairs: Tanzania Police Force (Jeshi la Polisi Tanzania) (2025) note 1: the Nation Building Army (aka National Services) is a paramilitary organization under the Defense Forces that provides six months of military and vocational training to individuals as part of their two years of public service; after completion of training, some graduates join the regular Defense Forces while the remainder become part of the Reserves note 2: the Tanzania Police Force includes the Police Field Force (aka Field Force Unit), a special police division with the responsibility for controlling unlawful demonstrations and riots

Military deployments

520 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); more than 1,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO and Southern African Development Community regional force); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 300 Mozambique (under bi-lateral agreement to assist with combatting an insurgency) (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the TPDF's inventory includes mostly British, Chinese, and Russian/Soviet-era armaments (2025)

Military - note

the chief concerns of the Tanzania Defense Forces (TDPF) are maritime piracy and smuggling, border security, terrorism, animal poaching, and spillover from instability in neighboring countries, particularly Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); it participates in multinational training exercises, regional peacekeeping deployments, and has ties with a variety of foreign militaries, including those of China, India, and the US; it has contributed troops to the UN’s Force Intervention Brigade in the DRC; the TPDF also participated in the former Southern African Development Community intervention force in Mozambique, which assisted the Mozambique military in combating fighters affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); the regional force withdrew in 2024, but the TPDF continues to maintain troops in Mozambique as part of a separate bilateral security agreement; since 2020, the TPDF has reinforced the border with Mozambique following several cross-border attacks by ISIS fighters (2025)

Military service age and obligation

generally 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women, but may go up to 35 years of age depending on education levels and for medical specialists; no conscription (2026)